NileValleyPeoples: What's in the name 'Sub-Saharan' Africans?

Racial terminology used to 'define' Africans is fraught with absurdities and contradictions. Consider for example, the term 'sub-Saharan':

QUOTE
"The living peoples of the African continent are diverse in facial characteristics, stature, skin color, hair form, genetics, and other characteristics. No one set of characteristics is more African than another. Variability is also found in "sub-Saharan" Africa, to which the word "Africa" is sometimes erroneously restricted. There is a problem with definitions. Sometimes Africa is defined using cultural factors, like language, that exclude developments that clearly arose in Africa. For example, sometimes even the Horn of Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea) is excluded because of geography and language and the fact that some of its peoples have narrow noses and faces.

However, the Horn is at the same latitude as Nigeria, and its languages are African. The latitude of 15 degree passes through Timbuktu, surely in "sub-Saharan Africa," as well as Khartoum in Sudan; both are north of the Horn. Another false idea is that supra-Saharan and Saharan Africa were peopled after the emergence of "Europeans" or Near Easterners by populations coming from outside Africa. Hence, the ancient Egyptians in some writings have been de-Africanized. These ideas, which limit the definition of Africa and Africans, are rooted in racism and earlier, erroneous "scientific" approaches."
(S. Keita, "The Diversity of Indigenous Africans," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Clenko, Editor (1996), pp. 104-105.

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STACKED GROUPING cAVALLI sFORZA 1994

Additional references at:
http://africanamericanculturalcenterpalmcoast.org/historyafrican

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cannibalism in Europe- Egyptian mummies a major source of dead flesh, fluids and bone for European consumption
--Consuming Grief, by Beth Conklin, 2001, pg 9-10

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Blood group research

Blood group and phenetic and phylogenetic classification research of Cavalli Sforza (1964) show that Europeans are a mongrel race, midway between Africans and Asians.
-- Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and A.W.F. Edwards. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures

"The overall contributions from Asia and Africa were estimated to be around two-thirds and one-third, respectively. Simulations have shown (7) that this hypothesis explains quite well the discrepancy between trees obtained by maximum likelihood and neighbor joining."
- L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza. (1997) Colloquium Paper: Genes, peoples, and languages. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 94

"[Gobineau] would die of rage and shame at this suggestion since he believed that Europeans . . . were the most genetically pure race, the most intellectually gifted and the least weakened by racial mixing.''
-L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza

Blood group research shows African-Italian admixture
"These findings indicate that hemoglobin S is only one of multiple African genes present in contemporary Sicilian populations. The occurrence of hemoglobin S in white persons of Sicilian ancestry is considered to be a manifestation of the continuing dissemination of the original African mutation."
--(Sandler, et al (1978)Acta Haematol. 1978;60(6):350-7.
Blood group phenotypes and the origin of sickle cell hemoglobin in Sicilians.)
http://thestudyofracialism.org/viewtopic.php?t=1563

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More blood group data

ff
BLOOD GROUP COMPARISONS
-----------------------------------------------------
BludGroup O A B AB
Egyptians 33 36 24 8

African averages - Bantu groups
Bantus 46 30 19 5

European averages:
Danes 41 44 11 4 (Northern Europe)
Greeks 40 42 14 5 (Southern Europe)
Lithuania 40 34 20 6 (Eastern/Central Europe)
----------------------------------------------------
Summary:

BludGroup O A B AB
Europe avg 40 40 15 5

Egyptians 33 36 24 8
Bantu data 46 30 19 5
------------------------------------------------------

Conclusion: No earth shattering differences in blood type patterns between Egyptians and Africans. Paoli 1972 however did link ancient Egyptians more with the Black Haratin (a Saharan people) than with other populations. (Paoli 1921, AB Typing of Ancient Egyptians)

Data from: L. Beckman 1959"A Contribution to the Physical Anthropology and Population Genetics in Sweden"

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More debunking of "white Egypt" based on Blood type

[b]Advantage African in Type B[/b]
Furthermore the Egyptians have substantial frequencies of "B". In Europe however (quote) "In Europe, B frequency varies from between 8% and 12%." (Daniels 2006)
and quote: "Blood group B is a distinctly non-Indo-European blood type. (D'Adamo 2002).

In Egypt the frequency of B is much higher- 24% (Beckman 1959). Among Bantu groups B frequencies average 19% (Beckman 1959). In terms of type B then, the African percentages are much closer to the Egyptians than the Europeans.

[b]Advantage African in Type O[/b]
As regards type "O" the greatest frequencies are found in the Americas, Australia and Africa, not Europe. Quote: "Populations with a group O phenotype frequency greater than 60% are found in native people of the Americas and in parts of Africa and Australia, but not in most of Europe or Asia." (Daniels 2006).

In Egypt the frequency of O is 33% (Beckman 1959) compared to the bantu average of 46%. (Beckman 1959), compared to smaller O frequencies for Europe. In terms of Type O then, the African percentages are much closer to Egyptians than Europeans.

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[b]Summary- overall advantage: African[/b]

Summary: In 2 out of 3 blood groups, the Africans and closer to the Egyptians (Africans 66% - Europeans 33%). Advantage: African.

As for blood group A it is also found in Africa, though in lesser percentages than in Europe. However A1 makes up 95% of the A blood grouping. A2 is trivial in this group, being confined mostly to people like Lapps. Assorted "Aryan" claims to make King Tut white center around reputed findings of A2, but this rare marker is trivial to begin with. A2 is also found in Africa. Daniels 2006 shows A2 very much present in Africa. Hence white supremacist appropriation of King Tut based on blood type are idiotic. Africa itself provides more than enough variation to accommodate A2. King Tut then had more than enough scope to pick up A2 within Africa without needing the presence of "wandering Caucasoids" in the Nile Valley. Source: Daniels 2006, Essential Guide to Blood Groups).

So much for appropriating Egypt for "white Egyptians" based on blood type.

[b]Mainstream references note in Africans are linked significantly with Egyptians terms of blood type.[/b]

quote:
[i]Interestingly, Africa in general (independent of any racial categorization) has a higher incidence of group B than Europe or the Middle East. Whether this is the result of intermingling or the original B gene pool is unknown, however it does imply that the links between ancient Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa are deeper and older than generally recognized. "[/i]
-- D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14

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skewed samplingof abu-amero 2009

Joint products of "racial evolution"...

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HBD EVOLUTION, BRAIN SIZE AND NATIONAL IQ CLAIMS DEBUNKED

Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... - Jelte Wicherts 2010

http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf

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"EVOLUTIONARY" NATIONAL IQ NOTIONS DEBUNKED

Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010

Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96

http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf

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DUBIOUS HBD"STATIC IQ" CLAIMS DEBUNKED

Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by JM Wicherts - ?2004

--Dolan, Wicherts et al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004) 509-537

http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf

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LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED

www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/race-iq-and-wealth/
another critique- mises.org/daily/2677

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HBD ANCIENT 'CAUCASOID' "COGNITIVE REVOLUTION"CLAIMS DEBUNKED

www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf

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jp RUSHTON'S "RACIAL EVOLUTION" NOTIONSDEBUNKED

Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman

http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false

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SCIENTIST ALAN TEMPLETON DEBUNKS BIOLOGICAL RACE USINGHARD DATA

Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also inside the book

http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false

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RACE MATTERS DEBUNKED

http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm

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HBD "SELECTION" AND EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED-Sarich and Miele's "Race: the reality of Human Differences"

Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press

For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/

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THE BELLCURVE DEBUNKED BY STEPHEN J GOULD

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html

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"RACIAL EVOLUTION" DEBUNKED AND"DIVERGENCE" DEBUNKED

--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)

http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf

--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3

http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf

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HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS

Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.

http://img560.imageshack.us/img560/239/templeton1humanracesinf.jpg

http://img685.imageshack.us/img685/2731/templeton2humanracesinf.jpg

HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED

J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.

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NileValleyPeoples

Monday, September 22, 2008

What's in the name 'Sub-Saharan' Africans?

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