EXCERPT-------------------------------
Wicherts, J. M., et al. Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples around 3000 years B.C. Personality and Individual Differences (2009), SCIENCE (in press 2009)
[b]ABSTRACT
In this rejoinder, we respond to comments by Lynn, Rushton, and Templer on our previous paper in which we criticized the use of national IQs in studies of evolutionary theories of race differences in intelligence. We reiterate that because of the Flynn Effect and psychometric issues, national IQs cannot be taken to reflect populations’ levels of g as fixed since the last ice age. We argue that the socio-cultural achievements of peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt in 3000 B.C. stand in stark contrast to the current low level of national IQ of peoples of Iraq and Egypt and that these ancient achievements appear to contradict evolutionary accounts of differences in national IQ. We argue that race differences in brain size, even if these were entirely of genetic origin, leave unexplained 91–95% of the black-white IQ gap. We highlight additional problems with hypotheses raised by Rushton and Templer. National IQs cannot be viewed solely in evolutionary terms but should be considered in light of global differences in socio-economic development, the causes of which are unknown.
[/b]
1. Introduction
In our previous paper (this issue), we criticized Kanazawa (2008), Templer (2008), and Templer and Arikawa (2006) on the basis of the fact that these studies were concerned with evolution but ignored changes over the course of evolution in the variables of interest. Our central point was that the use of national IQs in studies of the evolution of intelligence is problematic because national IQs have not been constant over the course of the twentieth century (Flynn, 2007) and so cannot be taken simply to reflect the level of general intelligence or g of peoples that lived thousands of years ago. We showed that current-day national IQs are strongly confounded with the developmental status of countries and argued that it is rather likely that the Flynn Effect is not at the same level of development across the globe. We are delighted to have a chance to discuss our work with Drs. Lynn, Rushton, and Templer and thank them for their comments.
Lynn (this issue) dismissed the Flynn Effect as relevant for the study of the evolution of race differences in intelligence and asserted that these differences have been constant over the course of millennia. Rushton (this issue) discussed neither the Flynn Effect nor any potential trends in life-history traits, but rather raised the possibility that race differences in brain size may explain global differences in IQ and development. Templer (this issue) claimed that we failed to appreciate the big picture of evolution painted by Lynn and Rushton. In light of space limitations, we discuss here neither the validity of Lynn and Vanhanen’s national IQ estimates (see Wicherts, Dolan, & van der Maas, in press) nor several additional lines of evidence discussed by the commentators.
It is noteworthy that the commentators have expressed hardly any arguments against our main assertion that national IQs cannot be used to test evolutionary theories without a consideration of relevant confounds. The use of national IQs in the study of evolution assumes that the level of g of peoples are constant over time, which they do not appear to be... ...((snip))
2. IQ avant la lettre
We doubt strongly whether western IQ tests have the same substantive meaning across the globe. Templer claimed that the construct validity of national IQs is supported by their correlation with means in national scholastic achievement surveys. However, such ecological correlations do not warrant conclusions concerning the measurement invariance of IQ tests across national groups. For instance, national IQs also correlate about |.85| with fertility rate, but this does not mean that IQs can be taken to measure the number of offspring of individuals. It is completely unclear whether national IQs reflect differences between contemporary populations in terms of the average level of g (Wicherts et al., in press). Because the Flynn Effect does not appear to be explainable in terms of g (Rushton, 2000; Wicherts et al., 2004), it is even doubtful whether the current-day IQ levels of populations reflect the average level of g of these populations a couple of decades ago.
Because the content of IQ tests is typically from the twentieth century, it is even more doubtful that national IQs can be projected back to our ancestors who lived 5000 years ago. Lynn and Vanhanen’s (2006) data may suggest that the Dutch currently outperform the Egyptians by 19 IQ points (100 versus 81) and the Iraqi by 16 points, but this cannot be taken as evidence for the claim that the peoples who populated areas close to the Netherlands in 3000 B.C. were more intelligent than the peoples who constructed the Pyramids of Cheops or who developed the first civilizations in Mesopotamia. On the contrary: suppose that the average IQ ‘‘avant la lettre” of ancient populations can be gauged by the ability to build buildings that last for millennia, to develop scripture, arithmetic, astronomy, and art, and to successfully administrate an empire. In terms of these indicators of IQ ‘‘avant la lettre” of peoples, the average intelligence of peoples living in areas corresponding to present European countries in 3000 B.C., will turn out to be relatively low (i.e., these peoples did not evidence many of these abilities), while the average intelligence of Egyptian and Mesopotamian peoples will turn out high.
This appears to contradict the evolutionary theories by Lynn, Rushton, and Kanazawa, because Egypt and Mesopotamia are relatively warm and quite close to the ancestral environment. Lynn (this issue) asserts that present Africans have hardly satisfied Baker’s (1974) criteria for a civilization, but this applies equally to inhabitants of present day Europe around 3000 B.C. More importantly, the ancestors of the peoples who laid much of the groundwork for western civilization now have average IQs around 82 (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006). Contemporary Africans average IQs around the same level (Wicherts et al., in press), so the supposed low level of IQ of Africans should not be cause for concern that they lack the necessary intelligence to do so. ...((snip))
3. Brain size
Rushton (this issue) claims that global differences in IQ and development can be explained in terms of (race) differences in brain size. Rushton (2000) has gone to great lengths to show that race groups differ on average in terms of brain size, with Whites averaging 1347 cm3 and Blacks averaging 1267 cm3. The mean difference may appear impressive, but it is virtually meaningless without knowledge of the typical spread of brain size within populations, which is around SD = 130 cm3. So the Black-White difference in brain size is approximately 80/130 .6 SD units. Rushton’s figures are based not on contemporary MRI measurements of white and gray matter volume, but rather on outdated external or postmortem cranial measurements. Given the correlation between cranial capacity as measured externally and intelligence of around .20 (Rushton & Ankney, 2009), the Black-White gap in brain size cannot explain much of the IQ gap. Even if cranial capacity had a causal effect on g, then the Black-White gap in brain size cannot explain more than: .6*.2*15 = 1.8 IQ points. If we were to believe that the IQ gap between Africans and European Whites is 33 IQ points (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006), then the brain size gap could explain a staggering 1.8/33 = 5% of the IQ gap. Thus, even under these terms, 95% of the IQ gap is left unexplained by brain size.
With a correlation of .33 between brain volume and IQ as based on modern techniques (McDaniel, 2005), the gap in brain size can explain only 2.98 IQ points or 9% of the IQ gap. However, we are not familiar with studies that used modern methods to measure brain size in both European Whites and Africans, and we are not familiar with any studies of the heritability of IQ and/or brain size among Africans. Although race differences in brain size are in line with Rushton’s hypothesis, his hypothesis fails to impress us. The gap in brain size is much too small to explain the IQ gap, there is no indication of whether the (genetic) relation between brain size and IQ holds for African Americans or Africans, the causal relation itself is a matter of opinion and further research, and there is no reason to suppose that the race gap is environmentally insensitive, as Rushton and Ankney (2009) acknowledge. Another problem with the brain size hypothesis lies with the fact that sex differences in brain size are larger than race differences, yet studies involving representative samples, broad cognitive test batteries, and sound statistical methods consistently fail to show a clear sex difference in g (Dolan et al., 2006; Keith, Reynolds, Patel, & Ridley, 2008; Van der Sluis et al., 2006). ...((snip))
4. The Big picture
Templer (this issue) asserts that we fail to see the ‘‘big picture [. . .] that Blacks average a lower IQ and all that goes with it and are prone to HIV/AIDS”. According to Templer, this may be due to higher levels of testosterone among Blacks. Testosterone is hypothesized to affect many r-K characteristics and to underlie sex differences in longevity. This is an interesting hypothesis, but it does not appear to fit empirical data. For instance, on average males have higher levels of testosterone than females, yet they have larger brain sizes (Rushton & Ankney, 2009) and they do not live longer than females. Also, we are not familiar with empirical support of a link between 2D:4D ratio and total IQ.
Templer stresses the conceptual similarities between theories by Lynn, Rushton, and Kanazawa. This is an interesting assertion because Kanazawa and Rushton have opposing views on why Africans have evolved lower intelligence. Kanazawa (2004) explains the low intelligence of Africans by claiming that the ancestral environment of subtropical savannahs was very stable and predictable and hence required little intelligence to survive in. Rushton (2000), however, reasoned that ‘‘predictable environments are an ecological precondition for K-selection [and that] subtropical savannahs [. . .] are generally less predictable” (p. 231). Kanazawa’s (2008) study is flawed because it claimed support for two opposing accounts. Templer claims that the ‘‘potential of national IQs as explanatory variables” is demonstrated by correlations of national IQ with variables like GDP, adult literacy, and life expectancy. A glance at the correlation matrix in our primary paper shows that other variables associated with development have the same explanatory power as national IQ.
For instance, the correlations reported by Templer (2008) are easily replicated by replacing national IQ with Proteins g/day/capita, child mortality rate, or secondary school attendance. This means that these variables have just as much explanatory power as does national IQ. Templer claims that we fail to see the forest for the trees, but he appears to be staring only at global differences in IQ and development from the perspective of the evolutionary accounts to which he subscribes. Evolutionary accounts of race differences in intelligence are easy to formulate. The plausibility of such accounts depends on the empirical support for specific predictions, and the exclusion of competing accounts. The ecological correlations involving national IQ are open to many interpretations. Templer’s big picture strikes us as a one-sided view on the nature of global differences in IQ, health, and development. ...((snip))
5. Conclusion
Templer and Rushton hardly discussed the relevance of temporal changes in the variables of interest, although Templer did express his doubt that the Flynn Effect is possible in Africa. Lynn claims that the Flynn Effect matters little because of global differences in brain size and the development of civilization. Rushton claims that differences in brain size underlie global differences in development and IQ. We are not impressed by their arguments.
References
...((snip))
Bell Curve Buoy Charles Murray debunked - notes
There you have it. But all is not as it seems in this neat formula for several reasons:
1)) Murray's reference comparison year is flawed- praising the atypical economic and baby boom years right after WW2 to then claim a "decline" thereafter, while downplaying indicators of white decline PRIOR to 1960. The 1950 were influenced by the massive post-war economic expansion, and a religiosity that saw an upswing during the pressures of the dangerous years of WW2. The baby boom demographic expansion also created a huge number of people that filled the pews. If this narrow period is your standard, then it is easy to show things "coming apart" or in "decline." If you are going to include the atypical economics 50s why not include as well the 1930s, when lots of things were "coming apart"? Of course not. The selection is made so as to gin up the gloom and doom narrative of the 1960s put forward in Murray's "Losing Ground" book of the 1980s.
Murray's choice of 1960 as his starting point also serves to mask some unflattering realities of the prior decade, the 1950s. In the 1950s there were already indicators that white America was beginning to "come apart." White divorce rates rose sharply after WW2, and stabilized in the 1950s, but were still UP over previous decades for example, as was white teen pregnancy. White welfare rates also rose though not as much as blacks who were substantially poorer than whites. Indeed Congress increased the federal share of public assistance in 1950, 1952 and 1956. As one study notes: "The 1950s marked an important era of change for welfare programs. In 1957, for the first time, more people received AFDC than received any other category of welfare... This development reflected the expansion of the Social Security program in every Congress that met between 1950 and 1958, combined with the nature of the welfare categories created in 1935." -- Edward D. Berkowitz. 2020. Making Social Welfare Policy in America: Three Case Studies since 1950. p 195-196.
White guardians of the established order in the 1950s also railed against the expansion of promiscuity among white teens, and the phrase "going steady" for young whites masked much more than innocent trips to the sock hop. See (Amanda H. Littauer. 2015 Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties) Such trends were already in place and would get worse as 1960 dawned. Murray's starting point obfuscates this, so that he can portray his "1960s decline" narrative, but "white decline" had already set it BEFORE 1960. Once this is understood, Murray's arguments begin to "come apart.".
The 1950s (and the closely related late 1940s after WW2) were also a time of significant social change that was to reverberate with stunning effect in the 1960s, not static "Leave It To Beaver" values. There was the landmark 1954 Brown vs Board of Education desegregation case. Brown had little practical effect on the ground in its first decade but it nevertheless represented a massive inspirational booster (and fundraising selling point) to blacks struggling for basic rights and their white supporters. The decade was front-loaded by such things as President Harry Truman's significant landmark desegregation of the armed forces in 1948, and more symbolic court actions like Shelley vs Kramer 1948, that voided the enforcement of discriminatory "restrictive covenant" contracts in housing. The 1950s also saw a number of civil rights "crises"- from integration of Little Rock school in Arkansas (requiring US Army troops), to the stalwart year-long Montgomery Bus Boycott that launched Martin Luther King to prominence, and a continued rash of local civil rights demonstrations and challenges to white racism and discrimination..
White "decline" had already set in PRIOR to 1960
Talk of "decline" is a favorite topic among white libertarians and hereditarians since the late 1940s, on into the 1950s. But too often that talk skips or downplays existing "decline" developments in white culture, in an attempt to blame race and the 1960s. Thus many white libertarians and conservatives trace white "decline" or" coming apart" to such 1950s occurrences as Brown vs Board's school integration. Another indicator of "things coming apart" for many white libertarians was the voiding enforcement of restrictive covenants designed to discriminate against black home buyers. Equally traumatic were the attempts by black people to get decent post-war housing. Such negro impertinence led to white rioting and fulsome intimidation of those negroes who dared venture beyond their assigned ghetto zones.
Charles Murray was in the spirit of era early on as far as his teenage years led. As a teen in the 1950s he helped erect and burn a cross in his town, unaware, he later claimed, that this was interpreted by some people as a hateful attempt at intimidation against the few black families in the area (Wikipedia- Murray- Note 11-13 DeParle 1994, pg 3-4). This details of the explanation seems odd such as the fact that the cross was burned near a police station. Why would teens on a youthful hi-jink do something near authorities that could ruin their fun? To make it seem as not so bad? In addition, a burning cross was well known as a symbol of hate, intimidation, and white supremacy throughout America. The KKK had millions of members as late as the 1920s, spread out to every state. Murray's claim that he didn't know what a burning cross meant seems strange. But Murray was not unusual. In the 1950s, blacks attempting to buy property in "white" areas were physically attacked by white mobs or individuals, burned out, and continually harassed not only by the usual rocks smashing windows, but by burning crosses. Just ask black families in 1950s Levittown and elsewhere.
2) And is it really true that the upper class' rise and larger share of the societal income is nobody's fault? Actually there is and has been plenty of manipulation and favoritism to help the upper classes get where they are. To quote Murray: "Meanwhile, the formation of the new upper class has been driven by forces that are nobody's fault and resist manipulation." Really? What about massive government spending and harsh regulatory action that destroyed, er um, "redeveloped" housing for tens of thousands of poor people so the more affluent, individually or corporately, could get housing and trendy commercial space? What about the cosy tax loopholes and subsidies for the rich? And those sweetheart banker and financier bailouts? Oh you think nothing is being manipulated to help the affluent, naive reader? What about policies that have "outsourced" and shipped numerous decent paying jobs overseas- stagnating white worker wages at home, increasing white corporate profits from abroad? What about government action that deployed in favor of the affluent and their lower end helpers to seize the resources of indigenous peoples,,, pushing them off their land so that it could be transferred to more affluent whites? Even at a more modest end of white affluence, what about a century of discrimination against non-whites enabling whites to hog most of the opportunities and resources while brutally suppressing even minimal attempts by said nonwhites for a piece of the action?
2) And is it really true that the upper class' rise and larger share of the societal income is nobody's fault? Actually there is and has been plenty of manipulation and favoritism to help the upper classes get where they are. To quote Murray: "Meanwhile, the formation of the new upper class has been driven by forces that are nobody's fault and resist manipulation." Really? What about massive government spending and harsh regulatory action that destroyed, er um, "redeveloped" housing for tens of thousands of poor people so the more affluent, individually or corporately, could get housing and trendy commercial space? What about the cosy tax loopholes and subsidies for the rich? And those sweetheart banker and financier bailouts? Oh you think nothing is being manipulated to help the affluent, naive reader? What about policies that have "outsourced" and shipped numerous decent paying jobs overseas- stagnating white worker wages at home, increasing white corporate profits from abroad? What about government action that deployed in favor of the affluent and their lower end helpers to seize the resources of indigenous peoples,,, pushing them off their land so that it could be transferred to more affluent whites? Even at a more modest end of white affluence, what about a century of discrimination against non-whites enabling whites to hog most of the opportunities and resources while brutally suppressing even minimal attempts by said nonwhites for a piece of the action?
All of the above are quite subject to and have been the subject of "manipulation." But in the rarefied world of Murray the new cognitive elite of Belmont does not have to deal with such mere "blue collar" matters, in their gated communities. What do they know about autoworker jobs lost overseas? Or making a living as a plumber, or the white union hiring hall practices that lock out minorities? And the new Upper Class has benefited also by the expansion of government -not simply in high-end employment or gubment contracts, but in the opportunity to exercise more power over the fellow citizens via government bureaucracies. So when the total mix is looked at, where exactly have the forces driving formation of the "New Elite" been "neutral" and non-manipulated? The data suggests quite the opposite- there is plenty of manipulation going on.
4)) Didn’t Herrenstein and Murray tell us earlier that “a cognitive elite” was the inevitable state of things in today’s world, that chaff as well as wheat would find its own level, and that in view of the immutability of cognitive patterns society cannot do much more? That each of the nation’s groups, assigned their proper places in the cognitive order, and no longer buttressed by government social programs, should thus console themselves with their own special talents, celebrations and activities? Badly put but this is what the Bell Curve format- pushed to Hernstein and Murray’s logic boils down to. "Coming Apart" is part a rehash of the "cognitive elite" argument pushed in the Bell Curve, only the focus of more on white people, away from pesky questions about those old, reliable scapegoats- minorities. vvv
In view of Murray’s earlier writings, why should we care about low end white people? Aren’t they the “chaff” that should find its proper level in the new cognitive order, while others like Asians assume their properly higher places in the pecking order? Don't lower end whites DESERVE their fate? Murray's "concern: for white people seems disingenuous in view of his and Hernstein's earlier books and articles, and the writings of some of Murray's libertarian buddies. His main concern is affluent white people.
5)) An irony is that many who follow Murray embraced the “Bell Curve” format as a sort of validation for white virtue and goodness, when in fact it is the "cognitive elite" that has been responsible for some of the greatest suffering of humanity. After all, the IQ scores supposedly correlated with such goodness. But now comes Murray, over a decade later lamenting this world of cognitive validation, when as it turns out, a larger proportion of supposedly more virtuous folk (white people) are turning out to be not quite the touted paragons of the Bell Curve’s halcyon days. Could it be that the touted validation was dubious to begin with? The fact is that whites historically have always been well represented among the violent, pathological, oversexed, irreligious, lazy etc etc – from the white Irish, to white southerners, and others in between. That history though never gets as much press as the much-maligned “colored” types, and certainly, to shine the light on such um, black corners, is out of the question for assorted libertarian, “heriditarian” or “HBD” race monger types. That would throw a wrench into the relentless wheels of the “white virtue” propaganda machine you see…
In addition, when the lens is broadened the much touted "cognitive elite" have inflicted a massive amount of suffering on humanity. Didn't the high IQ Germans bring us the mass genocide Holocaust? And (relatively speaking) didn't the high IQ white Russians bring us the mass murder and systematic starvation of the Holodomor and other such things -where the body count measures in the tens of thousands per day? And what about those touted high IQ Asians? Didn't the "thought of Chairman Mao" rack up a body count of tens of millions, much more than the relative small beer of Pol Pot's "mere" 1-2 million in the killing fields of Cambodia?
Closer to home, wasn't it the "cognitive elite" that created the elaborate statistical constructs and compilations of the Vietnam War "body count" that led to such perverse effects as slaughtering civilians so that "kill ratios" looked better in the statistical reports of "progress?" As one candid US Army internal assessment notes: "A primary indication of such excellence has in the past been the unit's enemy body count.. Under such circumstances- and especially if such incentives as stand-downs, R&R allocations, and decorations are tied to body count figures- the pressure to kill indiscriminately, or at least report every Vietnamese casualty as an enemy casualty, would seem practically irresistible.." (R. Webster [Acting Consul General US Army], memorandum for Secretary of the Army 1970, "Concerned Sergeant Allegation", Case Files, Record Group 19) Note: this is not long-haired America haters saying this but US Army officials.. and the "concerned sergeant" was a man of honor in reporting horrible practices that were occurring before his eyes, in his unit, day after day- practices spawned in part by the brilliant constructions and incentives given by of the "cognitive vanguard."
In short, it is all well and good to laud the good people from the world of higher IQ, but what's there to celebrate about "cognitive elites" on the flip side, when the whole picture is looked at? What do the victims have to applaud? Murray doesn't mention such negative outcomes- after all, its higher IQ white people involved. His harshest critique is the yoga, museli and failure to be boosterish enough... But if heritidarian types are going to take credit for all good things associated with high IQ, should they also take credit for the dismal record also associated with "advanced cognition"? Or does it only run conveniently, one way?
Some of the "harshest" criticism Murray levels at The Quality Folk is that they are out of touch- things like eating habits, their health habits (they despise smoking), and recreational habits- they do things like yoga and jogging, they recycle, etc- typical markers of elitist snobs who think they're better than the White Trash. They also are so blatant about CEO pay (but Murray doesn't press that point too much- limited populist that he is.. they are so blatant that's all..) Finally they are "nonjudgmental" - i.e. liberal, they just aren't bullish as they should be about "values" at least publicly. But there are a lot harsher things that can be said about The Quality Folk than the wrist slaps above. Yoga and museli indeed...
6)) Murray is consistent in his disavowal of government action as “the solution” - but he conveniently neglects to mention that whites of all levels have done very well from government "solutions" - in fact government jobs were a key in the rise of significant white groups such as the Irish. Murray's earlier work dismissed government action as ineffective in view of locked in cognitive inheritances. But has government been "ineffective" for white people, including lower end ones? Not at all. In fact government has been an integral part of their prosperity- whether it be in the forcible transfer of tens of millions of acres with their trillions of dollars worth of resources from indigenous people to whites, to regulatory policies allowing corporate elites to "outsource" good manufacturing jobs, to massive tax bailouts for white financial/banking elites, to massive transfer payments to bolster white incomes through Great Society programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, to huge educational subsidies and jobs by the same allegedly "failing" Great Society programs, to massive government spending on inefficient and duplicative domestic military bases particularly in the white south run by alleged paragons of "limited" government. Then there's that around the clock suppression of the rights and opportunities of non-whites by governmental power, so white people would always benefit- like discriminatory policies in jobs, right to vote, home loans, suburban subsidies, tax breaks and much more. Oh and did we mention all those other subsidy programs that benefit white corporations- from farm subsidies, to corporate credits and contracts overseas? Gosh.. Who says government has been "ineffective" for white people and their prosperity? In fact the record shows the opposite.
Both the Quality White Folk and the lower end White Trash have been doing well on the gubment dime. Government jobs were crucial in the economic and social progress of white Irish Americans for example, who manipulated that control to discriminate against other Americans. Let's look at how the white Irish benefited from and used government jobs:
3) Murray's preferred solution is mostly "cultural" that is- no substantive changes, just noblesse oblige and inspirational pep talks by the Cognitive Elite. A pretty good deal for them- easy on the pocketbook.
It is interesting what Murray SKIPS here, like policies that can actually benefit The White Trash. What about restructuring government taxes so that the Cognitive Elite/Quality White Folk pay more of a share of the tax burden, or gain less benefit from their paper manipulation and loopholes, or ensuring special interests don't benefit quite so much? What about other government programs actually helping poor or disabled white old people? In other words, things with REAL substance? Whoa! WHoa! Let's not get TOO serious about this. Just talk a lot about "values" - that's quite enough. Let's not touch those tricky structural issues. Mere talk after all, is much cheaper, that way, Murray and his ilk can continue to morally preen and enjoy or create a status quo rigged in their favor.. But even with talk, why does Murray think that if the upper class jawbones more about "traditional values" that it would have any significant effect on the proles?
Oh and would it be in bad taste to mention that Murray advocates getting rid of many social programs that help poor or working class white people- you know, The White Trash? How cool is it that such help can be replaced by something that costs the Cognitive Elites nothing at all - talk. Here's Murray in his landmark book Losing Ground advocating:
"completely scrapping the entire federal welfare and income-support structure for working aged persons, including AFDC, Medicaid, Food Stamps, Unemployment Insurance, Worker's Compensaion, subsidized housing, disability insurance and the rest."
(--Murray, (1984) Losing Ground, p 227-228).
(--Murray, (1984) Losing Ground, p 227-228).
4)) Didn’t Herrenstein and Murray tell us earlier that “a cognitive elite” was the inevitable state of things in today’s world, that chaff as well as wheat would find its own level, and that in view of the immutability of cognitive patterns society cannot do much more? That each of the nation’s groups, assigned their proper places in the cognitive order, and no longer buttressed by government social programs, should thus console themselves with their own special talents, celebrations and activities? Badly put but this is what the Bell Curve format- pushed to Hernstein and Murray’s logic boils down to. "Coming Apart" is part a rehash of the "cognitive elite" argument pushed in the Bell Curve, only the focus of more on white people, away from pesky questions about those old, reliable scapegoats- minorities. vvv
In view of Murray’s earlier writings, why should we care about low end white people? Aren’t they the “chaff” that should find its proper level in the new cognitive order, while others like Asians assume their properly higher places in the pecking order? Don't lower end whites DESERVE their fate? Murray's "concern: for white people seems disingenuous in view of his and Hernstein's earlier books and articles, and the writings of some of Murray's libertarian buddies. His main concern is affluent white people.
5)) An irony is that many who follow Murray embraced the “Bell Curve” format as a sort of validation for white virtue and goodness, when in fact it is the "cognitive elite" that has been responsible for some of the greatest suffering of humanity. After all, the IQ scores supposedly correlated with such goodness. But now comes Murray, over a decade later lamenting this world of cognitive validation, when as it turns out, a larger proportion of supposedly more virtuous folk (white people) are turning out to be not quite the touted paragons of the Bell Curve’s halcyon days. Could it be that the touted validation was dubious to begin with? The fact is that whites historically have always been well represented among the violent, pathological, oversexed, irreligious, lazy etc etc – from the white Irish, to white southerners, and others in between. That history though never gets as much press as the much-maligned “colored” types, and certainly, to shine the light on such um, black corners, is out of the question for assorted libertarian, “heriditarian” or “HBD” race monger types. That would throw a wrench into the relentless wheels of the “white virtue” propaganda machine you see…
In addition, when the lens is broadened the much touted "cognitive elite" have inflicted a massive amount of suffering on humanity. Didn't the high IQ Germans bring us the mass genocide Holocaust? And (relatively speaking) didn't the high IQ white Russians bring us the mass murder and systematic starvation of the Holodomor and other such things -where the body count measures in the tens of thousands per day? And what about those touted high IQ Asians? Didn't the "thought of Chairman Mao" rack up a body count of tens of millions, much more than the relative small beer of Pol Pot's "mere" 1-2 million in the killing fields of Cambodia?
Closer to home, wasn't it the "cognitive elite" that created the elaborate statistical constructs and compilations of the Vietnam War "body count" that led to such perverse effects as slaughtering civilians so that "kill ratios" looked better in the statistical reports of "progress?" As one candid US Army internal assessment notes: "A primary indication of such excellence has in the past been the unit's enemy body count.. Under such circumstances- and especially if such incentives as stand-downs, R&R allocations, and decorations are tied to body count figures- the pressure to kill indiscriminately, or at least report every Vietnamese casualty as an enemy casualty, would seem practically irresistible.." (R. Webster [Acting Consul General US Army], memorandum for Secretary of the Army 1970, "Concerned Sergeant Allegation", Case Files, Record Group 19) Note: this is not long-haired America haters saying this but US Army officials.. and the "concerned sergeant" was a man of honor in reporting horrible practices that were occurring before his eyes, in his unit, day after day- practices spawned in part by the brilliant constructions and incentives given by of the "cognitive vanguard."
In short, it is all well and good to laud the good people from the world of higher IQ, but what's there to celebrate about "cognitive elites" on the flip side, when the whole picture is looked at? What do the victims have to applaud? Murray doesn't mention such negative outcomes- after all, its higher IQ white people involved. His harshest critique is the yoga, museli and failure to be boosterish enough... But if heritidarian types are going to take credit for all good things associated with high IQ, should they also take credit for the dismal record also associated with "advanced cognition"? Or does it only run conveniently, one way?
But you say pilgrim, what about the good stuff Murray talks about, like less out-of-wedlock kids? Yes, the high IQ folks in Belmont seem to have many good things going for them- but aren't they part and parcel of that dastardly liberal bloc or "elite" that is responsible for so many bad things Murray documented in "Losing Ground book?" Aren't they, the "elites," that brought us the Civil Rights revolution, Great Society, the Welfare State etc? All these things are "bad" things Charles Murray says, but if so, how could they then have been put in place by the supposedly more smart "cognitive elite"? And are they really "bad" things? Most benefits of the welfare state for example flow to more affluent whites, compared to long suppressed, unfavored non-whites. Sounds like a good deal for white people all around.
Some of the "harshest" criticism Murray levels at The Quality Folk is that they are out of touch- things like eating habits, their health habits (they despise smoking), and recreational habits- they do things like yoga and jogging, they recycle, etc- typical markers of elitist snobs who think they're better than the White Trash. They also are so blatant about CEO pay (but Murray doesn't press that point too much- limited populist that he is.. they are so blatant that's all..) Finally they are "nonjudgmental" - i.e. liberal, they just aren't bullish as they should be about "values" at least publicly. But there are a lot harsher things that can be said about The Quality Folk than the wrist slaps above. Yoga and museli indeed...
Both the Quality White Folk and the lower end White Trash have been doing well on the gubment dime. Government jobs were crucial in the economic and social progress of white Irish Americans for example, who manipulated that control to discriminate against other Americans. Let's look at how the white Irish benefited from and used government jobs:
"In the city's building trades such as plumbers and the masons, Irish-dominated unions adopted nepotistic membership requirements that kept out new arrivals... Similarly the Irish used their political connections to entrench themselves in both skilled and unskilled city government jobs for policemen, firefighters, rapid transit workers and school teachers, even before these workers had their unions recognized."
"nepotistic membership requirements that kept out new arrivals... Similarly the Irish used their political connections to entrench themselves in both skilled and unskilled city government jobs for policemen, firefighters, rapid transit workers and school teachers, even before these workers had their unions recognized."
"nepotistic membership requirements that kept out new arrivals... Similarly the Irish used their political connections to entrench themselves in both skilled and unskilled city government jobs for policemen, firefighters, rapid transit workers and school teachers, even before these workers had their unions recognized."
"As early as 1855 Irish men were the largest group of the cartmen of New York, including those that specialized in doing city work on sanitation, landfill road projects and the like. To be a private cartman one required a license; to work for the municipal government in particular one needed good connections. Even before the massive influx of the feminine Irish in 1843, the Democrat-dominated Common Council gave a large number of market licenses to Irish men, much to the chagrin of native American entrepreneurs."
--FROM: Bayor and Meagher 1996, The New York Irish, 96-97
"As a consequence, the public sector employed a full one-third of first, second and third-generation Irish Americans in 1930 compared with just 6 percent in 1900. This patronage helped produce a heavy concentration of Irish in jobs on the fire and police departments and in municipally owned subways, streetcars, waterworks and port facilities. Many of the city's Irish middle class worked on the public payroll, especially in the public schools, and thousands of others labored in construction jobs tied to city expenditures. For second-generation Irish-American women, jobs as schoolteachers were the most sought-after career. Such patronage policies would help to bind the Irish working class and much of the middle class Tammany Hall for another generation."
--Bayor and Meagher 1996. The New York Irish, p. 313
Murray quite conveniently skips such detail above as to how government is integral to white prosperity, and having dismissed government, his "solution" now for the great Quality Folk – White Trash divide eschews government, in favor of a noblesse oblige approach by the quality white people that will stimulate their benighted white brethren of Fishtown to do better. Thus by the Quality White Folk remaking the media to promote good traditional values (durn it- why can’t they be less gay!), and less non-judgmentalism, their more uncouth, unaccomplished paler brethren will be reinforced and drawn into a shining future of civic virtue and progress. Right........
7)) And was it really because of the "welfare," "soft on crime" or "government interference" of the 1960s that led to the "new" lower-end white class? What about other factors like the loss of post-war manufacturing jobs overseas? Nope. Murray prefers the distorted, simplistic red meat "blame the liberals" culture war"points oft used by right-wingers. He conveniently skips over several key factors that have led to the increasing impoverishment of the white working class, including policies cheered along by free-market libertarian types like Murray: expanded use of IQ instruments and/or associated credentialism, expanded immigration of the skilled, outsourcing of jobs to cheaper overseas locations, government cutbacks in social safety nets impacting lower class whites, etc, etc. Murray skates around such things rather than provide a robust analysis of their impacts vis a vis his "liberalism" bogeyman.
8)) Yes, the quality folk are married more, work harder in school, have more cognitive gifts, etc but they have all this, AND they are also heavily liberal, non-judgmental and so on- those bad features Murray decries. IF the Quality White Folk have all these good things while being so liberal, why should they change? They have shown that “norms and standards” that create success CAN include “condescending non-judgmentalism” – to use Murray’s phrasing. In fact, the liberal, "non-judgmental" cognitive elite can stay liberal and reap all the good things. They can also be condescending in another way- they can well take on Murray's "recognition of inborn inequality"- a condescending view of those less gifted and with lesser IQ, AND they can be liberal at the same time. The two are not mutually exclusive. The figure of the "elitist liberal" is this sense is not that far from the elitist conservative or libertarian looking down his or her nose at the lesser breeds. Why should such people seek any of Murray's "vanilla unity?"
Murray sez:
“The "something" that I have in mind has to be defined in terms of individual American families acting in their own interests and the interests of their children. Doing that in Fishtown requires support from outside. There remains a core of civic virtue and involvement in working-class America that could make headway against its problems if the people who are trying to do the right things get the reinforcement they need—not in the form of government assistance, but in validation of the values and standards they continue to uphold. The best thing that the new upper class can do to provide that reinforcement is to drop its condescending "nonjudgmentalism." Married, educated people who work hard and conscientiously raise their kids shouldn't hesitate to voice their disapproval of those who defy these norms. When it comes to marriage and the work ethic, the new upper class must start preaching what it practices.”
This sounds interesting but who says the "cognitive upper class" are these paragons or can be paragons of virtue?
- As already noted above, they have benefited quite nicely from government spending.
- They may have more stable families but they are also in the forefront of those championing "alternatives", i.e.such as the "gay" option, and tend to support things like gay marriage more than the proles of Fishtown.
- Their divorce rate is RELATIVELY less compared to Fishtown but they are getting married late, translating into less children overall. While this is better now than the white proles, their marriage rate has not shown much improvement for 4 decades.- it has STILL declined since 1980.
- They are working hard, but they are not substantially in the traditional "hard" industries that made America great, but industries geared towards symbolic manipulation, and manipulation of paper - the so-called "FIREM" industries: Finance, Insurance, Real estate, and digital media. All in all a great for the "cognitive elite."
- And this "cognitive elite" relatively speaking, are more atheist or non-religious. These people gonna be bringing about "vanilla unity"?
And notice how cheap the price paid by the "cognitive elite." They only need to lecture the white trash and other proles on proper behavior, and support say "values" movies or TV programs. Basically all they gotta do is jawbone the proles. Sweet. Their wealth and privilege, and continual manipulation escapes serious scrutiny. No need to worry about the favoritism shown the Quality Cognitive White People (QWPs) in taxation loopholes, banker bailouts, subsidises for property ownership, subsidies for outsourcing white working class jobs overseas and via immigration, etc etc. Why worry about all that? Lets focus on lectures to the White Trash. It's a nice, low-cost, self-serving strategy for our cognitive elites. Not only does it allow them to preen morally, but also nicely diverts the proles attention from hard questions on the game rigged to benefit said elites.
9) And who says The Quality White Folk are such social "softies"?
To the contrary, liberals, high and low, have consistently voted in, supported and condoned politicians, policies and bureaucracies like the police twith sometimes harsh repercussions for racial minorities. For example, they have enacted zoning and other measures to keep their neighborhoods adn schools mostly white. ON the crime front, prominent figures were in the forefront of pushing the"black "super predators" meme- made famous by golden gurl Hilary Clinton, although Hilary did not invent the notion. Also on the crime front some of the most egregious police abuses are in the areas they control, including NYC's infamous "stop and frisk" practices and attendant abuse of thousands of innocent blacks. In traffic stops in white-controlled liberal NYC and Minneapolis the data show that blacks stopped had LESS weapons or contraband on them than whites, yet blacks were disproportionately stopped, searched and experienced more use of police force against them. Here's the data from liberal New York:
Here's data from the city of Minneapolis itself. The blacks were stopped almost 3 times the rate of whites, and were in higher crime hoods, yet whites stops yielded MORE contraband than blacks or Latinos.. This was in a liberal city mind you..
10)) And if higher cognitive patterns are the mark of the future, then some data shows that liberal “non-judgmentalism” is quite on track- for those identified as liberal may have higher IQs than NON “liberals” (Kanazawa 2010). According to hereditarianism and “racial reality” favorite Satoshi Kanazawa (2010), intelligent people tend to have values "novel" in human evolutionary history, as compared to somewhat squarer conservative types.
This “evolutionary” preference for the novel and unexpected tracks well with more liberal, non-traditional types, mayhaps even “fabulous” types. Interestingly enough- some data show that gays on the average have higher IQs that straights- perhaps a reflection of that supposed taste for the “novel.” (See for example: John P. De Cecco, Michael G. Shively (1984) Bisexual and homosexual identities: critical theoretical issues.) Murray says the Quality White Folk are so good. What he doesn't say is that among them are numerous gay people- who are not necessarily interested in things like TRADITIONAL marriage or religious observance.
Gay people would be an interesting category in Belmont under Murray’s construct. Why? Their presence tends to undermine his insinuation of a “traditional values” Belmont- one that embraces traditional marriage or traditional religious observance. There are some Quality Folk that do just that, but many others that do not. The “Belmont” class is itself divided. Exactly how such a divided class will provide effective “leadership” of, or "Vanilla Unity" with the beclouded white folk in Fishtown as Murray hopes is quite unclear.
In addition, the Smarter Quality White People may also tend to be more atheist, or more skeptical, or weaker in religious faith. Zuckerman 2013's meta-analysis found 'a reliable negative relation between intelligence and religiosity' in 53 out of 63 studies. What this boils down to, on the average, is that smarter people tend to be less religious, and this includes atheists. (Zukerman et al, 2013. The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Meta-Analysis and Some Proposed Explanations', 'Personality and Social Psychology Review'). The authors claim that even during early years, the more intelligent a child is the more likely it would be to turn away from religion. A 2009 study of white American youth came to the same overall conclusion - atheists scored an average of 1.95 IQ points higher than agnostics, 3.82 points higher than liberal persuasions, and 5.89 IQ points higher than dogmatic persuasions (Nyborg(2009). "The intelligence–religiosity nexus: A representative study of white adolescent Americans". Intelligence 37: 81–93.)
In short, people at the high-end of the Bell Curve would tend to reject or despise faith more, or be less serious/more eclectic. There are the celebrated folk with high IQs, and, (not surprisingly) they also tend to be more liberal. Why is Murray (and various other "heriditarian" types) complaining when his "high G" favorites are those in the forefront of helping white America "come apart"? Didn't he celebrate these people earlier? And don't the IQ "G-men" lament immigration from low-end Third World countries and welcome high-IQ, skilled immigrants, the same type who are, in a delicious irony, undercutting and displacing white people in tech, engineering and STEM?
Both Buckley and Reagan, like Charles Murray, opposed civil rights laws..
11)) And who says the Quality White Folk are so much more “isolated” from the “rest of America?” It should also be remembered that the Quality White Folk also include conservatives- who too, look down on their benighted "Fishtown" brethren. Some might argue that in the creative spheres like movies, music etc, they are very much in touch with the great unwashed of Fishtown who clamor for product. In the technology, economic spheres they are producing wonderful things like iPhones that Fishtown is only too happy to buy. But in other ways they show some isolation from the "traditional values" (mores not always put into practice) of the proles - I do not totally reject Murray's point here. But if they are isolated from fellow white proles, they are quite aware of a status quo to their benefit.
Speaking of status quos, Charles Murray opposed basic civil rights for black people, including, like his heroes Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Open Housing Act of 1986- the civil rights "Big Three." In this 1997 book, What It Means to Be a Libertarian: A Personal Interpretation (New York, 1997), 81-89 he attacks the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that "[i]n a free society freedom of association cannot be abridged"), conveniently ignoring the fact that blacks have long been DENIED "freedom of association" and that civil rights in part, finaslly gave them just that. Murray says soothing things about colorblindness, but would in fact have rejected laws that were indeed about bringing about colorblind treatment under the law. Left to Murray, his own buddy, Negro libertarian Thomas Sowell would, like other negroes, still have been routed to the back of the bus, or slop bucket in "colored" restrooms, or ushered in the backdoor at the white Hoover Institution, or steered out of "reserved" neighborhoods- or worse attacked and forced out. Just ask the black Myers family, church-going icons of respectability, whose home was set on by white mobs because they exercised their free-market rights, and freedom of association to buy a house in a "white" area.
11A. In fact everything Murray says about the "liberal" high cognitives, can be said about conservative high cognitives. Murray in this book all too conveniently focuses his club on "liberals." But high IQers on the conservative side deserve as much scrutiny. They never were buddies of the white working class, and some actually would have stopped or rolled back black civil rights.
This is quite in keeping with the "cognitive elite" framework- after all don't the QUALITY WHITE FOLK have the right to violently deny "free market" choices? And don't they deserve better treatment than those pesky culluds? Indeed, this was substantially the position of conservative publications like National Review during the 1960s, dressed up in prettier language about freedom of association, but with the unmistakable bottom line. National Review and conservative leader William F. Buckley put the case candidly in 1957 in a famous editorial, entitled “Why the South Must Prevail.” Is the white community in the South, he asked, “entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas in which it does not predominate numerically?” His answer was crystal clear: “The sobering answer is Yes—the White community is so entitled because for the time being, it is the advanced race.”
Got it pilgrim? The negroes were undeserving of civil rights and basic decency because they were a backward race. Oh not biologically Buckley would say elsewhere, but due to "culture and education." Naturally the inferior segregated system of Jim Crow had nothing to do with that... But as critics note about the "civilized standards" argument, it was whites themselves that handicapped blacks on several counts:
"As with his “not yet civilized” argument, there was more than a little willful ignorance here. The argument ignored the enormous structural inhibitions to black achievement, including the deliberate underfunding of schools in black neighborhoods (North and South), the devaluing of homes in black sections of towns (especially in the North), and the denial of benefits and promotions that had long been a primary way white immigrants had risen to middle-class status (especially in Northern-based unions and via the GI Bill). It was exactly these things that President Johnson was referring to in his 1965 speech promoting affirmative action when he said, “You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, ‘you are free to compete with all the others,’ and still justly believe that you have been completely fair.”.. Of course, no one in Massachusetts was advocating restrictions on voting rights for uneducated white people, and thus Buckley’s argument displayed a willful ignorance about the abuses that had taken place throughout the South during the previous one hundred years, when literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses kept the vast majority of black people from voting. Nevertheless, Buckley relied on this states’ rights argument for much the rest of his life..
And what method should be used to enforce the maintenance of “civilized standards”? According to Buckley, it should be a no-holds-barred defense, even including violence. “Sometimes,” he wrote, “it becomes impossible to assert the will of a minority, in which case it must give way, and the society will regress; sometimes the numerical [white] minority cannot prevail except by violence: then it must determine whether the prevalence of its will is worth the terrible price of violence.” In other words, it was up to the white community to decide when violence was appropriate. Through its White Citizens’ Councils, the resurgence of the Klan, and the general refusal to prosecute crimes committed against black Southerners, by the 1960s the white South had made its decision. And rather than condemn it, Buckley stayed the course... In his next breath, Buckley turned to American civil rights leaders, saying, “In the South, the white community is entitled to put forward a claim to prevail politically because, for the time being anyway, the leaders of American civilization are white—as one would certainly expect given their preternatural advantages, of tradition, training, and economic status.” - -- William F. Buckley. 1957. “Why the South Must Prevail.”
That's a pretty clear racialist bottom line and quite in sync with the philosophy, models and arguments of Charles Murray. Murray goes Buckley one better by emphasizing genetic inferiority into the mix. Stripped of covering euphemisms the bottom line of the Murray model is clear: Negroes were/are undeserving of basic rights due every citizen, and of access to the opportunities and benefits enjoyed by other white citizens because they are cognitively inferior as a group. And if this inferiority is genetic, as suggested by Murray's Bell Curve, then social policies such as civil rights laws or government programs to improve conditions are useless and unneeded. That's the essential "race realist" bottom line of the Charles Murray model, once all the pious proclamations of "principle" and "states rights" are stripped away. So solly black people..
12)) Hence a final irony. There are many who are all too happy to use IQ as a club to bash “lesser breeds” – but as it turns out, their own almighty IQ construct, Great Source Of All, has produced a class of leading folk that in many ways undermine and displace traditional values- the “judgmental” issue Murray so laments. The "cognitive elite" so touted in many quarters tends to be:
--More liberal
--More atheist
--More gay
--More atheist
--More gay
All is well when convenient black scapegoats can be bashed, but the picture becomes considerably less rosy when the very paragons of the almighty “G” are busily dismantling the conservative project, or many traditional values, and inflicting horrors far and wide on humanity as a bloody historical record shows. In this sense, IQ race mongers and “g-men” are hoisted on their own petard. The “cognitive elite” advance- the rest “lose ground” as conservatism is dismantled by the white IQ“vanguard.” Can we say irony children? I knew you could..
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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES MURRAY POO-POOING CIVIL RIGHTS- A CRITIQUE
Along with being opposed to basic civil rights laws for blacks, Murray also pushes a doom and gloom history of the 1960s- including a "trend line" argument trying to poo poo civil rights contribution to black progress. He has to portray the 1960s as negatively as possible to maintain his "losing ground" model. But he fails. There are actually a massive number of positives growing out of the 1960s civil rights laws. And incidentally, "civil rights" does not include the strawman gun-waving theater of people like Huey Newton.
Credible studies DO show that Civil Rights Laws actually did help black people in several ways, like for example applying your GI Bill benefits to the college of your choice, or gasp! actually giving black people voting rights!. But you won't hear much of this from Charles Murray. In fact he is on record saying that black advances can mostly be explained by "existing trend lines." Those evil old government interventions re civil rights had little to do with it.. But this is a laughably weak argument. Part of it as often framed by those who accept Murray's claim, relies on a false dichotomy- either non-civil rights or civil rights influences. But this is a strawman. BOTH civil rights laws and other factors played key parts in black advance. Murray's "trend line" claim of course is part and parcel of his "Losing Ground" argument trying to attribute massive doom and gloom to the "liberal policies of the 1960s." But Murray's argument is easily debunked as follows:
a. Of course bigger trends (like WW2) impacted black advances- who doesn't know this? But some of the very same WW2 "trend line" advances came about by relentless civil rights pressure from civilians and black veterans- such as threats to march on Washington, and relentless pushback against whites who wanted to freeze blacks out of war industries, forcing the government to take action.
b) Relentless civil rights lawsuits and political pressure also forced whites to reform government programs - from equal pay for black teachers, to pressure on companies getting government contracts to clean up racist practices, to schools, and much else. Just the desegregation of the armed forces and less racist (less- for there was still plenty left to go around) application of the GI Bill were massive boons to black "trend lines." Part of this pressure even used Cold war tensions to expose white American hypocrisy as leaders in "free world" democracy. This too forced concessions that impacted positive black "trend lines."
c) The civil rights tsunami of the 1960s not only forced long overdue "trend lines" to move but was economically beneficial to blacks as credible studies show- See for example Gavin Wright 2013- Sharing the Prize. Employment gains in the southern textile industry for example took off markedly after the civil rights laws as companies were forced to stop discriminating. Example: "Heckman and Payner (1989) use microdata from textile plants in South Carolina to study the effects of race on employment between 1940 and 1980, concluding that federal anti-discrimination policy resulted in a significant improvement in black economic status between 1965 and 1975." (Pager and Shepard 2008)Other laws stopping segregation led to better black health care when government threatened to cut off funds to Jim Crow southern white hospitals. Aside from voting and the rest, just the black lives saved were a positive "trend line."
These are POSITIVES not the "negatives" as libertarians like Murray make out. And laws meant that in some cases companies welcomed the new opportunity to hire blacks as they could be gotten for lower wages. Before civil rights laws they were often stymied by both white unions AND local government regulations. In housing, restrictive covenants aimed at keeping blacks out of certain areas (covenants Murray and other libertarians support), stood until 1948 when it took a US Supreme Court ruling to nix enforcement. Various segregationist restrictions (more subtle in the North) were not merely a matter of "personal inconvenience" as some libertarians try to make out as part of the poo poo strategy. They were calibrated to suppress black economic opportunity by creating such inconvenience that employers would be discouraged from hiring blacks, particularly in key or growing industries. As one encyclopedia notes- QUOTE:
"As the South became increasingly industrialized, segregation helped keep blacks economically marginalized. South Carolina provided fines of $100 and up to thirty days imprisonment at hard labor for textile manufacturers or their officials that failed to follow elaborate rules for racial separations. The law set out in great detail that no company engaged in textile or cotton manufacturing—the most important industry in the state—could allow members of different races to work together within the same room, to use the same doors of entrance and exit at the same time, to use and occupy the same pay ticket windows or doors for paying its employees at the same time, to use the same stairway and windows at the same time, or to use at any time the same lavatories, toilets, drinking-water buckets, pails, cups, dippers, or glasses. Other states had similar rules. Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas required that mine owners provide both separate shower facilities and separate clothing lockers for workers when they emerged from underground. "
"These laws did more than just humiliate blacks and remind them of their inferior legal status. The laws also prevented them from advancing in their jobs or sometimes even from getting jobs in the first place. Separate facilities for blacks meant that factory owners would have to invest more money in their mills, mines, and factories. Where possible, it made greater economic sense simply to hire only whites, leaving blacks outside the growing industrial job market."
--Paul Finkelman ed. 2009. Encyclopedia of African American History: Laws and Legislation p. 145
The same pattern shows up in housing where systematic discrimination froze blacks out, not only out of decent housing, but by doing so (a) made sure they would not get access to the major source of wealth (homeownership), (b) created ill-will between blacks and whites that discouraged free market transactions since the presence of one black on a block could trigger biased "redlining" by banks, realtors and mortgage lenders) and (c) made sure blacks would be locked out of locations where they could access better paying jobs, which of course would be, de jure, mostly reserved for whites. It is not simply a matter of the simplistic "people preferring to live among their own." There was a clear economic suppression goal or outcome behind white actions.
Credible studies DO show that Civil Rights Laws actually did help black people in several ways, like for example applying your GI Bill benefits to the college of your choice, or gasp! actually giving black people voting rights!. But you won't hear much of this from Charles Murray. In fact he is on record saying that black advances can mostly be explained by "existing trend lines." Those evil old government interventions re civil rights had little to do with it.. But this is a laughably weak argument. Part of it as often framed by those who accept Murray's claim, relies on a false dichotomy- either non-civil rights or civil rights influences. But this is a strawman. BOTH civil rights laws and other factors played key parts in black advance. Murray's "trend line" claim of course is part and parcel of his "Losing Ground" argument trying to attribute massive doom and gloom to the "liberal policies of the 1960s." But Murray's argument is easily debunked as follows:
a. Of course bigger trends (like WW2) impacted black advances- who doesn't know this? But some of the very same WW2 "trend line" advances came about by relentless civil rights pressure from civilians and black veterans- such as threats to march on Washington, and relentless pushback against whites who wanted to freeze blacks out of war industries, forcing the government to take action.
b) Relentless civil rights lawsuits and political pressure also forced whites to reform government programs - from equal pay for black teachers, to pressure on companies getting government contracts to clean up racist practices, to schools, and much else. Just the desegregation of the armed forces and less racist (less- for there was still plenty left to go around) application of the GI Bill were massive boons to black "trend lines." Part of this pressure even used Cold war tensions to expose white American hypocrisy as leaders in "free world" democracy. This too forced concessions that impacted positive black "trend lines."
c) The civil rights tsunami of the 1960s not only forced long overdue "trend lines" to move but was economically beneficial to blacks as credible studies show- See for example Gavin Wright 2013- Sharing the Prize. Employment gains in the southern textile industry for example took off markedly after the civil rights laws as companies were forced to stop discriminating. Example: "Heckman and Payner (1989) use microdata from textile plants in South Carolina to study the effects of race on employment between 1940 and 1980, concluding that federal anti-discrimination policy resulted in a significant improvement in black economic status between 1965 and 1975." (Pager and Shepard 2008)Other laws stopping segregation led to better black health care when government threatened to cut off funds to Jim Crow southern white hospitals. Aside from voting and the rest, just the black lives saved were a positive "trend line."
These are POSITIVES not the "negatives" as libertarians like Murray make out. And laws meant that in some cases companies welcomed the new opportunity to hire blacks as they could be gotten for lower wages. Before civil rights laws they were often stymied by both white unions AND local government regulations. In housing, restrictive covenants aimed at keeping blacks out of certain areas (covenants Murray and other libertarians support), stood until 1948 when it took a US Supreme Court ruling to nix enforcement. Various segregationist restrictions (more subtle in the North) were not merely a matter of "personal inconvenience" as some libertarians try to make out as part of the poo poo strategy. They were calibrated to suppress black economic opportunity by creating such inconvenience that employers would be discouraged from hiring blacks, particularly in key or growing industries. As one encyclopedia notes- QUOTE:
"As the South became increasingly industrialized, segregation helped keep blacks economically marginalized. South Carolina provided fines of $100 and up to thirty days imprisonment at hard labor for textile manufacturers or their officials that failed to follow elaborate rules for racial separations. The law set out in great detail that no company engaged in textile or cotton manufacturing—the most important industry in the state—could allow members of different races to work together within the same room, to use the same doors of entrance and exit at the same time, to use and occupy the same pay ticket windows or doors for paying its employees at the same time, to use the same stairway and windows at the same time, or to use at any time the same lavatories, toilets, drinking-water buckets, pails, cups, dippers, or glasses. Other states had similar rules. Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas required that mine owners provide both separate shower facilities and separate clothing lockers for workers when they emerged from underground. "
"These laws did more than just humiliate blacks and remind them of their inferior legal status. The laws also prevented them from advancing in their jobs or sometimes even from getting jobs in the first place. Separate facilities for blacks meant that factory owners would have to invest more money in their mills, mines, and factories. Where possible, it made greater economic sense simply to hire only whites, leaving blacks outside the growing industrial job market."
--Paul Finkelman ed. 2009. Encyclopedia of African American History: Laws and Legislation p. 145
The same pattern shows up in housing where systematic discrimination froze blacks out, not only out of decent housing, but by doing so (a) made sure they would not get access to the major source of wealth (homeownership), (b) created ill-will between blacks and whites that discouraged free market transactions since the presence of one black on a block could trigger biased "redlining" by banks, realtors and mortgage lenders) and (c) made sure blacks would be locked out of locations where they could access better paying jobs, which of course would be, de jure, mostly reserved for whites. It is not simply a matter of the simplistic "people preferring to live among their own." There was a clear economic suppression goal or outcome behind white actions.
This history and that of jobs is important, for it also debunks the narrative of assorted libertarians, right-wingers, Murray and others of his ilk spin: that of employers merely refusing to hire blacks due to skill and "cognitive" deficiencies. Of course all know a century of Jim Crow and discrimination, in addition to poverty-heavy black ghetto zone schools (oft deliberately zoned that way by whites), play a large part. Indeed some conservative economists such as Robert Higgs (1977) holds that discrimination was so bad in many places that it created incentives for blacks to not invest in gaining more skills or education since their efforts would be wasted and not matter anyway in employment, business, or farming markets [Higgs R (1977) Competition and coercion: blacks in the American economy. UCHicago 1865–1914]. Racist pressures also meant that blacks were less able to protect their claims to property and to have their contracts enforced than was the case for whites. One important result of this continual racial pressure Higgs notes, is that black income while rising from a baseline of zero, failed to converge more quickly than it did against white income due to the added costs of racism imposed on blacks at every turn.
But this is hardly the whole picture. In thousands of documented cases, blacks were not only qualified for various jobs but OVER-qualified. Such qualifications though, often didn't matter- skin color mattered most. This situation crops up again and again in US History, from factories, including war factories that hired lesser skilled white workers when more qualified blacks were available, to baseball, where mediocre white players usually got preference over more talented blacks. A mountain of examples can be mentioned like auto plants that posted guards to turn away blacks applying for jobs (Wright 2013, Sharing the Prize) among others. Murray and his ilk like to paper over or dismiss this history, but it is clear history, and clearly debunks sweeping "skill" or "cognitive gap" excuses and rationalizations for discriminatory treatment. In addition, even if blacks were not as qualified, employers could sometimes balance lesser talent by offering a cheaper wage, a valid market decision, that can be profitable for employers in the right circumstances. But they often never got the chance. The discriminatory and burdensome state and local laws and regulations libertarians like Murray would leave to local discretion were designed to SUPPRESS employer choice and marginalize blacks in the economy. In other words, while talking a good game about "free markets" and "choice" Murray and his ilk would leave in place laws and/or practices, that HINDERED "free markets" and "choice." When federal civil rights intervention would remove these state and local HINDRANCES, Murray and his acolytes object. Now why is that when a black man shows up looking for some of that "free market" choice? Can we say hypocrisy? More detailed discussion is shown here.
Not "our kind of people" …
LINKS TO OTHER POSTS:
Rulers of Rubble- The Gaza ground invasion- Part 1
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2023/10/the-rulers-of-rubble-why-idf-is-not.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2023/10/the-rulers-of-rubble-why-idf-is-not.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2022/06/james-patterson-was-right-about-racism.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2022/06/critical-race-theory-debunked-part-2.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2022/05/critical-race-theory-debunked-white.html
The Teflon Don- Covid-era approval rating may signal November success
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-teflon-don-covid-era-approval.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-teflon-don-covid-era-approval.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2020/04/would-biden-win-be-any-big-loss-for.html
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2019/01/blog-post.html
Tchalla's "Wakanda First" philosophy looks a bit like Donald Trump's "America First" approach
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2019/01/tchallas-wakanda-first-philosophy-looks.html
'AsiaRate' Lawsuit against Harvard shows dirty little secret- white quotas used at elite universities
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2018/06/asiarate-lawsuit-against-harvard-shows.html
Some gays find welcome home in the 'alt-right' as nationalist organizations step up recruitment
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2018/05/some-gays-find-welcome-home-in-alt.html
Racial discrimination is alive and kicking in employment, housing and credit markets
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/racial-discrimination-is-alive-and.html
Sowell 3- new data shows backward tropical evolution? Wealth and Poverty- An International Perspective in Trump era
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-3-new-data-shows-backward.html
Sowell 2- Wealth, Poverty and Politics- International Perspective - Trump era to bring these issues into sharper focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-2-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html
Sowell- Liberal intellectuals and hard questions about race differences- Trump era may force them to focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-liberal-intellectuals-and-hard.html
Trump properties discriminated against black tenants lawsuit finds
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/07/trump-properties-discriminated-against.html
Stealing credibility- Dinesh D'souza has prison epiphany- after hanging with the homies- Hallelujah Hilary!
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/straining-credibility-dinesh-dsouza-has.html
Shame on you, and your guilt too- A review of Shelby Steele's 'Shame'
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-review-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/dna-studies-show-african-movement-to.html
Guilt3- Why the "white privilege industry" is not all there
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/guilt3-why-white-privilege-industry-is.html
Guilt2- Media collaborates with guilt mongers - or how to play the white victim card
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/guilt2-media-collaborates-with-guilt.html
How Obama plays on white guilt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/08/how-obama-plays-upon-white-guilt-hilary.html
Blacks oppose free speech- more ramshackle "research" from "the East"..
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/08/blacks-oppose-free-speech-ramshackle.html
Hands off the Confederate flag
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/hands-off-confederate-flag.html
Despite much more wealth than blacks, whites collect about the same rate of welfare and are treated more generously
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/despite-much-more-wealth-than-blacks.html
African "boat people" ushering in European demographic decline
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/05/african-boat-people-ushering-in.html
The forgotten Holocaust- King Leopold's "Congo Free State" - 10 million victims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-forgotten-holocaust-10-million-in.html
Are violent minorities taking over California and the West?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/are-violent-minorities-taking-over.html
Presidential hopeful Ben Carson meets and Greeks
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/presidential-hopeful-ben-carson-meet.html
Contra "ISIS" partisans, there have been some beneficial effects of Christianity
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/contra-isis-partisans-there-are-some.html
The social construction of race, compared to biology- Graves
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-social-construction-of-race_8.html
Rushton data
Why HBD or hereditarianism lacks credibility
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/10/why-hbd-or-hereditarianism-lacks.html
Leading Scientists criticize hereditarian claims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/leading-scientists-criticize.html
Thai me down - Thais fall behind genetically related southern Chinese, Tibetans below genetically related East Asians like Koreans and other Chinese
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/thai-me-up-thai-me-down.html
Time for liberals to respect "the south" ... in a way of speaking.. the south of Egypt that is..
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/time-for-liberals-to-respect-south-in.html
Irony 2: touted High IQ "G-men" cannot reproduce themselves
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/irony-2-higher-iqs-correlated-with_25.html
Unz and Sowell: Unz debunking Lynn's IQ and Wealth of Nations. Sowell debunking the Bell Curve
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/unz-and-sowell-unz-debunking-lynns-iq.html
Irony 1: touted High IQ types are more homosexual, more atheist, and more liberal (HAL)
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/irony-high-iqs-produce-more-atheists.html
Elite white universities discriminate against Asians using reverse "affirmative action"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/elite-white-universities-discriminate.html
Deteriorating state of white America
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/deteriorating-state-of-white-america.html
Racial Cartels (The Affirmative Action Propaganda machine- part 2
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-affirmative-action-propaganda.html
Hereditarian's/HBD's "Great Black Hope"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post.html
Exploding nonsense: the 10,000 Year Explosion
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html
We need "rational racism"- Convicted felon Dinesh Dsouza becomes his own test case
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/we-need-rational-racism-proponent.html
The Affirmative Action Propaganda Machine- part 1
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-affirmatve-action-propaganda.html
Two rules for being "really" black- no white wimmen, no Republican
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/to-be-really-black-you-cant-have-white.html
The Axial age reconsidered
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-axial-age-reconsidered.html
Cannibal seasonings: dark meat on white
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/12/i.html
"Affirmative Action" in the form of court remedies has been around a long time- since the 1930s- benefiting white union workers against discrimination by employers
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/09/affirmative-action-as-term-appears-in.html
Mugged by reality 1: White quotas, special preferences and government jobs
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/mugged-by-reality-1-white-quotas.html
Lightweight enforcement of EEO laws contradicts claims of "flood" of minorities "taking jobs"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html
Railroaded 3: white violence and intimidation imposed quotas
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-3-white-violence-and.html
Railroaded 2: how white quotas and special preferences blockade black progress...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-2-thow-white-quotas-and.html
Railroaded 1: How white affirmative action and white special preferences destroyed black railroad employment...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-how-white-affirmative-action.html
Affirmative action: primary beneficiaries are white women...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-regime-kill-hopes-in-libya.html
7 reasons certain libertarians and right-wingers are wrong about the Civil Right Act
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/05/7-reasons-libertarians-may-be-wrong.html
Assorted "Role models" debunked
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html
Social philosophy of Thomas Sowell
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/07/social-philosophy-of-thomas-sowell.html
Additional gene flow data... :)
Sowell 2- Wealth, Poverty and Politics- International Perspective - Trump era to bring these issues into sharper focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-2-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html
Sowell- Liberal intellectuals and hard questions about race differences- Trump era may force them to focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-liberal-intellectuals-and-hard.html
Trump properties discriminated against black tenants lawsuit finds
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/07/trump-properties-discriminated-against.html
Stealing credibility- Dinesh D'souza has prison epiphany- after hanging with the homies- Hallelujah Hilary!
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/straining-credibility-dinesh-dsouza-has.html
Shame on you, and your guilt too- A review of Shelby Steele's 'Shame'
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-review-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html
Go with the flow 3- more DNA and cranial studies show ancient African migration to, or African presence in ancient Europe
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/04/go-with-flow-3-more-dna-and-cranial.html
Go with the flow 2- African gene flow into Europe in various eras
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/11/go-with-flow-2-african-gene-flow-into.html
DNA studies show African movement to Europe from very ancient timeshttp://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/04/go-with-flow-3-more-dna-and-cranial.html
Go with the flow 2- African gene flow into Europe in various eras
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/11/go-with-flow-2-african-gene-flow-into.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/dna-studies-show-african-movement-to.html
Guilt3- Why the "white privilege industry" is not all there
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/guilt3-why-white-privilege-industry-is.html
Guilt2- Media collaborates with guilt mongers - or how to play the white victim card
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/09/guilt2-media-collaborates-with-guilt.html
How Obama plays on white guilt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/08/how-obama-plays-upon-white-guilt-hilary.html
Blacks oppose free speech- more ramshackle "research" from "the East"..
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/08/blacks-oppose-free-speech-ramshackle.html
Hands off the Confederate flag
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/hands-off-confederate-flag.html
Despite much more wealth than blacks, whites collect about the same rate of welfare and are treated more generously
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/despite-much-more-wealth-than-blacks.html
African "boat people" ushering in European demographic decline
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/05/african-boat-people-ushering-in.html
The forgotten Holocaust- King Leopold's "Congo Free State" - 10 million victims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-forgotten-holocaust-10-million-in.html
Are violent minorities taking over California and the West?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/are-violent-minorities-taking-over.html
Presidential hopeful Ben Carson meets and Greeks
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/presidential-hopeful-ben-carson-meet.html
Contra "ISIS" partisans, there have been some beneficial effects of Christianity
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/contra-isis-partisans-there-are-some.html
The social construction of race, compared to biology- Graves
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-social-construction-of-race_8.html
Rushton data
Why HBD or hereditarianism lacks credibility
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/10/why-hbd-or-hereditarianism-lacks.html
Leading Scientists criticize hereditarian claims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/leading-scientists-criticize.html
Thai me down - Thais fall behind genetically related southern Chinese, Tibetans below genetically related East Asians like Koreans and other Chinese
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/thai-me-up-thai-me-down.html
Time for liberals to respect "the south" ... in a way of speaking.. the south of Egypt that is..
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/time-for-liberals-to-respect-south-in.html
Irony 2: touted High IQ "G-men" cannot reproduce themselves
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/irony-2-higher-iqs-correlated-with_25.html
Unz and Sowell: Unz debunking Lynn's IQ and Wealth of Nations. Sowell debunking the Bell Curve
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/unz-and-sowell-unz-debunking-lynns-iq.html
Irony 1: touted High IQ types are more homosexual, more atheist, and more liberal (HAL)
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/irony-high-iqs-produce-more-atheists.html
Elite white universities discriminate against Asians using reverse "affirmative action"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/elite-white-universities-discriminate.html
Deteriorating state of white America
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/deteriorating-state-of-white-america.html
Racial Cartels (The Affirmative Action Propaganda machine- part 2
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-affirmative-action-propaganda.html
Hereditarian's/HBD's "Great Black Hope"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post.html
Exploding nonsense: the 10,000 Year Explosion
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html
We need "rational racism"- Convicted felon Dinesh Dsouza becomes his own test case
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/we-need-rational-racism-proponent.html
The Affirmative Action Propaganda Machine- part 1
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-affirmatve-action-propaganda.html
Two rules for being "really" black- no white wimmen, no Republican
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/to-be-really-black-you-cant-have-white.html
The Axial age reconsidered
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-axial-age-reconsidered.html
Cannibal seasonings: dark meat on white
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/12/i.html
"Affirmative Action" in the form of court remedies has been around a long time- since the 1930s- benefiting white union workers against discrimination by employers
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/09/affirmative-action-as-term-appears-in.html
Mugged by reality 1: White quotas, special preferences and government jobs
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/mugged-by-reality-1-white-quotas.html
Lightweight enforcement of EEO laws contradicts claims of "flood" of minorities "taking jobs"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html
Railroaded 3: white violence and intimidation imposed quotas
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-3-white-violence-and.html
Railroaded 2: how white quotas and special preferences blockade black progress...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-2-thow-white-quotas-and.html
Railroaded 1: How white affirmative action and white special preferences destroyed black railroad employment...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-how-white-affirmative-action.html
Affirmative action: primary beneficiaries are white women...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-regime-kill-hopes-in-libya.html
7 reasons certain libertarians and right-wingers are wrong about the Civil Right Act
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/05/7-reasons-libertarians-may-be-wrong.html
Assorted "Role models" debunked
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html
Social philosophy of Thomas Sowell
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/07/social-philosophy-of-thomas-sowell.html
Additional gene flow data... :)
Bogus "biodiversity" theories of Kanazawa, Ruston, Lynn debunked
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_1818.html
In the Blood- debunking "HBD" and Neo-Nazi appropriation of ancient Egypt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html
early
Europeans and middle Easterners looked like Africans. Peoples returning
or "backflowing" to Africa would already be looking like Africans
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html
Ancient Egypt: one of the world's most advanced civilizations- created by tropical peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/03/playing-greek-defence-review-of-thornton.html
Quotations from mainstream academic research on the Nile Valley peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/15/basic-database-nile-valley-studies
OTHER LINKS
Race, IQ, and Wealth: What the facts tell us about a taboo subject By Ron Unz
HBD EVOLUTION, BRAIN SIZE AND NATIONAL IQ CLAIMS DEBUNKED
IQ claims and miscellaneous data
Race, IQ, and Wealth: What the facts tell us about a taboo subject By Ron Unz
HBD EVOLUTION, BRAIN SIZE AND NATIONAL IQ CLAIMS DEBUNKED
Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... -
Jelte Wicherts 2010
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
------------------------------------
Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of
intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010
Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
----------------------------- -------------
Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by
JM Wicherts - ?2004
--Dolan, Wicherts et
al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004)
509-537
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf
-------------------------------------------
LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED
---------------- -------
www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf
------------------------
Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley
Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman
http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
--------------------------------
Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson
M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also
inside the book
http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
------------------------
http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm
---------------- -------
Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/
---------------- -------
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html
-----------------------------------------------------------
--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human
variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf
--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf
---------------- -------
HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS
Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary
significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and
Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.
http://img560.imageshack.us/img560/239/templeton1humanracesinf.jpg
http://img685.imageshack.us/img685/2731/templeton2humanracesinf.jpg
IQ claims and miscellaneous data
HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED
J. FiSh (2002) Race
and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.
------------------------------------------
MORE HBD DEBUNKING
-------------------------------- ---------------------
Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
----------------------------------------------
Krimsky, S, Sloan.K (2011) Race and the Genetic Revolution:
Science, Myth, and Culture
-------------------------------
Wicherts and Johnson, 2009. Group differences in the
heritability of items and test scores
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/04/24/rspb.2009.0238.full
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/coming-apart-can-murrays-down-with.html
"SELECTION FOR"- "SELECT FOR" HDB
CLAIMS DEBUNKED- "SELECTION" IS NOT THE ONLY KEY FORCE DRIVING CHANGE
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/12/demic-diffusion-notes-and-tropical.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/05/7-reasons-libertarians-may-be-wrong.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/08/cro-magnons-are-us-debunking-claims.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html
--Joseph Graves, 2006. What We Know and What We Don’t Know:
Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/
J. Kahn (2013) How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" - Yale
Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, v4:1
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=yjhple
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http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PageProofs-Graves_race.pdf
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other links
Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... -
Jelte Wicherts 2010
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
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Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of
intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010
Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
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Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by
JM Wicherts - ?2004
--Dolan, Wicherts et
al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004)
509-537
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf
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LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED
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www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf
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Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley
Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman
http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
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Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson
M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also
inside the book
http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
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http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm
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Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/
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http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html
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--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human
variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf
--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf
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HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS
Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary
significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and
Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.
HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED
J. FiSh (2002) Race
and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.
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MORE HBD DEBUNKING
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Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
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Krimsky, S, Sloan.K (2011) Race and the Genetic Revolution:
Science, Myth, and Culture
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Wicherts and Johnson, 2009. Group differences in the
heritability of items and test scores
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/04/24/rspb.2009.0238.full
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/coming-apart-can-murrays-down-with.html
"SELECTION FOR"- "SELECT FOR" HDB
CLAIMS DEBUNKED- "SELECTION" IS NOT THE ONLY KEY FORCE DRIVING CHANGE
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/12/demic-diffusion-notes-and-tropical.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/05/7-reasons-libertarians-may-be-wrong.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/08/cro-magnons-are-us-debunking-claims.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html
--Joseph Graves, 2006. What We Know and What We Don’t Know:
Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/
J. Kahn (2013) How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" - Yale
Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, v4:1
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=yjhple
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http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PageProofs-Graves_race.pdf
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