Saturday, June 27, 2015

Hands off the Confederate flag

Flag bait...


Recent "controversies" re the Confederate Flag have spawned the usual rhetoric re "lost causes", "state's rights" and "northern terrorism" in the defeat of the South. Oh and did we mention that slavery wasn't the "real" cause? But as can be seen, the Mississippi Declaration of Secession says:
"Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin."
--Mississippi Declaration: A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union.

Gosh durn it. But that was Mississippi. Surely now slavery would not be the cause in more civilized Virginia. Here is the more measured Virginia Declaration. It would not mention slaveholding or slavery would it?
“The people of Virginia, in their ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, adopted by them in Convention, on the 25th day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eight-eight, having declared that the powers granted them under the said Constitution were derived from the people of the United States, and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression, and the Federal Government having perverted said powers, not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slaveholding States."  -- From the Virginia Ordinance of Secession:  

Well now what can you expect from effete Virginians? We have South Carolina- but there again, the good folk are complaining about fugitive slaves not being returned and their property rights in slaves not being respected. Well what can you expect, when they gets no respect?

"The General Government, as the common agent, passed laws [return of escaped slaves] to carry into effect these stipulations of the States. For many years these laws were executed. But an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has led to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the General Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution. The States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, have enacted laws which either nullify the Acts of Congress or render useless any attempt to execute them. In many of these States the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed, and in none of them has the State Government complied with the stipulation made in the Constitution. The State of New Jersey, at an early day, passed a law in conformity with her constitutional obligation; but the current of anti-slavery feeling has led her more recently to enact laws which render inoperative the remedies provided by her own law and by the laws of Congress. In the State of New York even the right of transit for a slave has been denied by her tribunals; and the States of Ohio and Iowa have refused to surrender to justice fugitives charged with murder, and with inciting servile insurrection in the State of Virginia. Thus the constituted compact has been deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States, and the consequence follows that South Carolina is released from her obligation...
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery.."           --From: South Carolina Declaration of Secession


But hey, what what about the robust state of Texas? Surely the free, independent minded folk there would not use slavery as a justification for secession? Let's see:


“Texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the Confederated Union to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. She was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. She was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery– the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits– a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time…
“We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable…
--FROM: Texas Declaration of Secession

Pro-secession southern regimes had their own form of early "political correctness" that 
muzzled skeptical or dissenting white southerners who opposed the Confederate war.

While todays "heritage" types speak boldly of "the will of the people" and "taking a stand against oppression," the popular "heritage" organizations of the day- the Confederate/pro-southern secessionist associations, themselves inaugurated a "politically correct" regime of oppression, surveillance and violence, suppressing dissent to ensure that only the "correct" line on secession would prevail, as documented by credible scholars.

"So frightening was the surveillance that men claimed they were afraid not to vote: the “feeling ran so high,” one Beaufort farmer remembered, that he “could not abstain from voting.” Because there was no Â.Union ticket, he put a blank vote in the box. Lawrence McKenzie left his neighborhood on election day “to keep from voting,” he said, “and from being annoyed by those who would vote for it and would be after [me] to do the same.” “Well, Lawrence,” his neighbors said when he returned, “we have today voted South Carolina out of the Union and you did not help us.”


In October and December 1860, South Carolina voters went to the polls in a climate of political terror, surrounded by armed companies of men and hordes of citizens all wearing the blue cockade. The harmony of€the body politic about which fire-eaters boasted was the product, in part, of that black shirt campaign. But it was as much administrative coup as open-fisted brawl. It was quite true, as more than one farmer would later charge, that voters simply “could not vote for the union” in South Carolina, that there was “no opposition ticket in this section.”
--Stephanie McCurry, 2010. Confederate Reckoning. p49



Gosh durn it, but hey, wasn't that just the "elites" at the top who wanted slavery? I mean your average southern white guy or white family didn't own slaves and were not too crazy about supporting it, right? Yeah it was the e-lites.. This is an intriguing (and common apologist argument), but it is not true. Fully one-third of white families in the Confederate States, in 1860 owned slaves, not just the rich, mint-julep sipping upper-crust plantation elites. As historian Peter Parish notes: (Peter J. Parish - 2018. Slavery: History And Historians)-quote:

"However, Otto Olsen has argued powerfully that the figures should be seen in a very different light. If attention is confined to the states that eventually became part of the Confederacy, 31 percent of white families owned slaves in 1860. In South Carolina and Mississippi, almost half the white families owned slaves; in four more states of the Deep South, one-third or more of the white families owned slaves. These figures, says Olsen, represent "an amazingly large, rather than a small, base of support for any economic order." The fairest kind of comparison, he argues, is with other forms of property ownership in other periods. 

 For example, in 1949, only 2 percent of American families held stock worth $5,000 or more—roughly equivalent in today's terms to the worth of one slave. No doubt by the 1980s the percentage will have increased considerably, but not to a point where it would come anywhere close to the figures for slave Ownership in the Old South. ’’Slavery," says Olsen, "appears a good bit less oligarchical in several significant economic respects than twentieth century free labour capitalism. The ownership of slaves was spread among a remarkably broad proportion of the white population, and the extent of this investment was central to Southern white unity before, during and after the Civil War."4 ..  This picture of slavery is largely borne out by James Oakes in his study of Southern slaveholders, The Ruling Race..." 

--(Peter J. Parish - 2018. Slavery: History And Historians).

Ahah you say. But what about the other white 70% who did not own slaves? Surely they weren't enthusiastic, since they had no stake? Well turns out that they were enthusiastic about the slave system that brought them so many benefits, and determined to fight for the Confederacy to maintain their privileged position. Slavery was the central engine that made white people prosperous, and it had numerous beneficial economic spillover effects -from transportation to manufacturing, to the "psychic capital" of white supremacy. Bah you say- this is only the blather of "politically correct liberals" who could never know how the people back then thought. Well, no actually. In fact, PRIMARY sources, hundreds of letters and accounts from om ordinary Confederate soldiers and civilians show that even despite war weariness or defeats, they were determined to fight for their privileged positions vis a vis the blacks. These PRIMARY documents speak more eloquently than any modern blather and are not the creation of "the liberals." They are direct from the mouths and hands of white people who were there at the time, as the detailed history of Chandra Manning in her book "What This Cruel War Was Over" demonstrates. Disagree with the historian if you will, but the primary documents speak for themselves.

As for facts and figures, Professor David Blight of Yale University put things in additional perspective:

"By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society--slave population--in the world. The only one larger was Russian serfdom. Brazil was close. But in 1860 American slaves, as a financial asset, were worth approximately three and a half billion dollars--that's just as property. Three and a half billion dollars was the net worth, roughly, of slaves in 1860. In today's dollars that would be approximately seventy-five billion dollars. In 1860 slaves as an asset were worth more than all of America's manufacturing, all of the railroads, all of the productive capacity of the United States put together. Slaves were the single largest, by far, financial asset of property in the entire American economy. The only thing worth more than the slaves in the American economy of the 1850s was the land itself, and no one can really put a dollar value on all of the land of North America."
--Professor David Bight, Yale University, 2010.

Blight is correct, but slightly off on one point. The serfs of Russia, while treated badly and bound to their local regions were not slaves that were bought and sold at a whim, nor wrenched from their home soil and transported in hell ships with loss rates sometimes approaching 20%, including women and children. To the contrary they were on their own much loved, ancestral home soil. And they were given land of their own to work after doing labor service for the landlord. One historical document describes the labor obligation, the "barashchina" as a barshchina of three days a week as normal and sufficient for the landowner's needs. In the black earth region, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed barshchina; the rest paid levies.. (Richard Pipes, 1974 Russia under the old regime, pages 147–8). And while restricted by age and location, marriage was a relatively free choice. Your wife and children were not sold off at a moment's notice. There were very clear differences, for Afro-Americans, the largest slave population in the world.





Slavery was good for black people though
As for General Robert E. Lee of the very same Virginia above, he thought slavery was bad, but a NECESSARY evil, good for black people. Let’s quote him, and yes in some ways, he is not all that different from Lincoln in his attitudes re those darker brethren. Lincoln himself held racist attitudes,and wanted to initially solve the problem by shipping all blacks away. As is well known, his Emancipation Proclamation did not free single slave. So let's not beat up on General Lee as if he were some sort of anomaly. No, he was a man of his time and place. And let's not deny the courage of individual Confederate soldiers or units in fighting ferociously to preserve their "peculiar institution" of oppression. But also keep in mind the courage of hard-hitting Yankee warriors from Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, New York etc in fighting to end that brutal institution. But here's what Lee says in a letter dated December 27, 1856: in response to a speech given by then President Pierce:
“The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, physically, and socially. The painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary for their further instruction as a race, and will prepare them, I hope, for better things. How long their servitude may be necessary is known and ordered by a merciful Providence.”
Lee's argument was not uncommon in his era, but some critics might say that in like manner, similar reasoning would hold that the Holocaust was good for Jews because it would prepare them for better things, like getting them out of those awful European ghettos, 6 million bodies later. Still as for Providence, Lee skips the other side of the coin. Divine providence did not APPROVE of slavery. It used man's folly for its own ends but this is NOT approval. Likewise divine providence used the  vast domain of the Roman Empire to spread the message of Christianity, but this did not mean any APPROVAL of the predatory Roman beast - far from it. In fact, Rome was the most vicious persecutor of Christians, crucifying not only Jesus, but several of his disciples and killing thousands of others. The uncomfortable thought skipped by Lee is this -  perhaps it WAS divine providence that used the events, that finally lowered the boom on the southern slave regime and released millions from permanent bondage. In fact Abolitionists were saying such things a long time- that judgment FROM a divine hand, would come on the South for its refusal to give up slavery. Naturally, you don't hear much about this flip side from the "heritage" folk.

The alleged "massive Sherman Holocaust" killed around a mere 1000 Confederates..


General Sherman a "terrorist?"
OK you get the picture. It really WAS all about slavery as the central issue.. but rather than pile on more examples, let's take a look at that "terrorism" charge. According to proponents, Exhibit A was Sherman's destructive "March To The Sea" which we are told slaughtered tens of thousands and devastated tens of thousands of square miles. It was a brutal foreshadowing of "liberal" power these days, (just check the oppressive holocaust re food stamps! which are used mostly by white people despite their massive advantage in wealth and income over any other group- but I digress) showing that Abe Lincoln was a ruthless totalitarian dictator. In short, Sherman's march was a veritable "Holocaust" for the south brought on by arrogant Yankee bankers and industrialists.

Er, no doubt bankers and industrialists are part of the mix but the numbers just don't square with the myth. For one thing the "brutal Holocaust" killed comparatively few, far less than the bloody battles pursued by Robert E. Lee elsewhere. And of course there are other exaggerations.

As regards alleged "terrorism", the South was already on the ropes by the time Sherman made his long march. It was simply a matter of time before it lost. And the South was soundly defeated using the same methods every other European nation used at the time. Sherman’s March was nothing special. European colonialists frequently used “three all” methods- “burn all, kill all, destroy all” to crush the resistance of native peoples, including Native Americans. When Indians were being liquidated, most whites cheered. Destructive warfare is seen in Napoleon's various conquests in Europe, so also with  Britain in its ruthless “scorched earth” campaigns in Ireland, and many others. In WW2 Allied bombers carpet bombed massive destruction and were cheered on by white American southerners, and indeed most Americans.  American "clearance" operations in Vietnam scorched the territory of their "allies" with some of the heaviest bombing in warfare, including some 400,000 tons of napalm  dropped and some 19.1 million gallons of herbicides applied, to go with the 25 million bomb craters made in a territory the size of New Mexico. (Werner and Huynh 1993)

But respected military historian Victor Davis Hanson, a staunch pro-Westerner besides, has an interesting take on the Holocaust myth. He exposes the exaggerations but also shows that what rankled many southerners is how ordinary northern soldiers, not "rich Yankee bankers" or manufacturers etc were fighting very willingly to stop slavery. And those same ordinary men did not hesitate to lecture white southerners on WHY they were marching. Here is what Hanson has to say about Sherman:

“Yet there was a method to Sherman’s mad five-week march. He burned plantations, freed slaves, destroyed factories, and tore up railroads—but more or less left alone the farms and small towns of ordinary Southerners. His purposes were threefold: to punish the plantation class, the small minority of Confederates who owned slaves, as the culprits for the war; to destroy the Southern economy and remind the general population, as Sherman put it, “that war and individual ruin were now to be synonymous”; and to humiliate the Confederate military, especially what he called the cavalier classes that boasted of their martial audacity but would not dare confront such a huge army of battle-hardened troopers from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and other Midwestern states.
In this context, the message was not lost: Unionists were not just New England Yankee manufacturers, but farmers who did their own hard work in harsh, cold lands more challenging than temperate Georgia; material advantages and repeating rifles were not antithetical to martial audacity, as a Michigan farmer with a Sharps rifle was more than a match for a plumed Southern cavalryman who boasted of killing Yankees.

Sherman was hated not so much because he killed Southerners: in comparison to Grant’s bloodbath in northern Virginia, probably less than 1,000 Confederates were killed during the March to the Sea. Rather, he humiliated the South by having supposedly less-audacious Northerners taunting the South to attack them on their own turf, and exposing the plantation class as hollow, showing them more willing to flee their rich and hitherto untouched plantations than to die while protecting them.”
http://victorhanson.com/wordpress/?p=7734



Confederates themselves used Sherman's "slash and burn" tactics when it suited them- as credible histories note: Confederate commanders complained about the atrocious behavior of Confederate troops. QUOTE:

"Armies burned crops and slaughtered livestock to deny food to their opponents or reduce besieged cities to starvation. Entire districts in the South were laid waste by foraging Union armies, who burned and stripped barns and fences and consumed grain and livestock, but also by Confederate soldiers, who frequently foraged with a voracious intensity that was indistinguishable from that of their enemies.7 In 1864, the Confederate general Richard Taylor was so shocked by the predatory behavior of his troops in Alabama and the lower Mississippi that he compared them to medieval brigands and threatened to have offenders shot as common highwaymen. In 1863 Colonel C. Franklin complained to Jefferson Davis that guerrillas in Missouri had “transferred to the Confederate uniform all the dread and terror which used to attach to the Lincoln blue. The last horse is taken from the widow and orphan, whose husband and father has fallen in the country’s service. No respect is shown to age, sex, or condition.”8 [Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War 1989]"
--Matthew Carr (2015) Sherman's Ghosts_ Soldiers, Civilians, and the American Way of War. p 20-21


Credible histories show that Father of the US- George Washington himself ordered destructive smash and burn methods against native American civilian settlements, earning the title 'Destroyer" from the Iroquois. These harsh methods continued as Native Americans had their land expropriated by whites and their cultures smashed. But southern apologists raised few objection-to this, and indeed cheered  on the liquidation  of "savages" to make room for white "civilization." Its only when the same methods are reversed back on them that it all suddenly becomes "unfair"or "unjust."

"In 1778 George Washington ordered General John Sullivan to inflict “total destruction and devastation” on Iroquois villages in Cherry Valley, New York, in retaliation for the massacre of U.S. militia in Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Abandoning their baggage trains to increase their mobility, Sullivan’s men burned 1,200 homes in forty villages, till their commander told Congress there was “not a single town left in the country of the five nations.”10 Washington’s support for such tactics earned him the nickname “Town Destroyer” among the Iroquois."
--Matthew Carr (2015) Sherman's Ghosts_ Soldiers, Civilians, and the American Way of War p20-21


General Sherman's weakness?


Spot on. The "flag faithful" like to put forward the notion of sinister "Yankee "bankers and industrialists as the "real" powers bent on destroying the South, but it was not weakling "bankers" marching, but ordinary white northern farmers, tradesmen etc and who as Hanson notes where whipping the Confederates on their own turf and who were "more than a match for a plumed Southern cavalryman who boasted of killing Yankees." Such things tend to get lost in the shallow "flag" debates. And it is amazing how these debates keep going when there are more important issues at hand.

I am no fan of said flag, and it is a graft added later on to some state flags. It is not even the real flag of the Confederacy which actually changed its colors and finally fought under something known as the "Blood Stained Banner" - apt name that. It is also unknown why the flag of a secessionist movement or separatist regime should be on government property. No government agency gave equal time to various black  movements that in the 1950s or 1960s sought a separate state for blacks on US territory. To the contrary, the FBI, in collaboration with state and local regimes, rushed out its COINTELPRO program to crush even minor manifestations of  such movements.

And the whole flag "controversy" is of very RECENT origin, not sacred icons that go back a century as assorted "heritage" proponents would have us believe. Says one writer:

“..the Confederate battle flag was largely a relic until it was revived in response to the Civil Rights Movement   — first with Strom Thurmond’s “States Rights Party” in 1948, then with Georgia adopting a version in protest of Brown v. Board of Education in 1956, and South Carolina six years later — though, tellingly, the flag went up a year before the act authorizing it. For almost a hundred years, the South got on just fine celebrating its heritage without benefit of the flag. Indeed, the flag was raised over South Carolina as a result of the Civil War centennial celebration. This revival of interest in the flag was clearly all about renewed defiance of the federal government, which was finally being prodded into making good on the Civil War Amendments, and ensuring the full citizenship of African-Americans. Hence, today, the “heritage” the flag actually stands for is that of the 1960s, not the 1860s.”


Hmm, seems the "heritage" part of the story is a rather newfangled invention does it not? Still there are much more pressing issues to deal with. Marches and rallies to take down old flags are so much easier than the hard work that needs to be done on those issues, but that's another story. At least, let's clear away the "heritage" propaganda on this one.



Joint products of "racial evolution"...


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Social philosophy of Thomas Sowell
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/07/social-philosophy-of-thomas-sowell.html



Bogus "biodiversity" theories of Kanazawa, Ruston, Lynn debunked
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html

JP Rushton, Michael Levin, Richard Lynn debunked. Weaknesses of Jared Diamond's approach. 
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_1818.html

In the Blood- debunking "HBD" and Neo-Nazi appropriation of ancient Egypt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html

early Europeans and middle Easterners looked like Africans. Peoples returning or "backflowing" to Africa would already be looking like Africans
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html

 Ancient Egypt: one of the world's most advanced civilizations- created by tropical peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html

Playing the "Greek defence" -debunking claims of Greeks as paragons of virtue or exemplars of goodness
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/03/playing-greek-defence-review-of-thornton.html

Quotations from mainstream academic research on the Nile Valley peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html

Assorted data debunking
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html


http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/15/basic-database-nile-valley-studies





Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... - Jelte Wicherts 2010
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
------------------------------------

Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010
Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
----------------------------- -------------

Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by JM Wicherts - ?2004
 --Dolan, Wicherts et al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004) 509-537
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf
-------------------------------------------

LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED
---------------- -------

www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf

------------------------

Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman

http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
--------------------------------

Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also inside the book

http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
------------------------

http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm
---------------- -------

Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/
---------------- -------

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html

-----------------------------------------------------------

--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf


--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf
---------------- -------

HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS
Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.
http://img560.imageshack.us/img560/239/templeton1humanracesinf.jpg
http://img685.imageshack.us/img685/2731/templeton2humanracesinf.jpg

HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED
 J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.

------------------------------------------



MORE HBD DEBUNKING
-------------------------------- ---------------------

Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
----------------------------------------------

Krimsky, S, Sloan.K (2011) Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture
-------------------------------


Wicherts and Johnson, 2009. Group differences in the heritability of items and test scores
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/04/24/rspb.2009.0238.full



--Joseph Graves, 2006. What We Know and What We Don’t Know: Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/

J. Kahn (2013) How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" - Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, v4:1
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=yjhple

------------------------------------ -----------------

http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PageProofs-Graves_race.pdf


Thursday, June 25, 2015

Despite much more wealth than blacks, whites collect welfare at about the same rate and get more generous welfare



Oh yes, elections here and there are coming up, and the standard nonsensical narratives are being cranked up for another run through the propaganda mills. Yes frens, we all "know" about those "lazy" blacks, (apparently this is most black people the narrative goes), supposedly collecting massive amounts of welfare, and who "don't want to work." It is a propaganda talking point repeated so  incessantly, it has acquired the status of "truth" among many Americans. Detailed books such as Martin Gilens' Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media and the politics of anti-poverty Policy, 2009, lay out the case fairly well.

Gilens is no liberal, but a recent piece by one such, Paul Krugman, also lays out the case that race is central to how Americans think about and react to welfare. It brought some angry denials on the right, but Krugman is on point. From the dread "black welfare queen" of Ronald Reagan, to the putative "able-bodied negroes" that apparently are "collecting massive amounts," to right wing pundit Ann Coulter's sneering references in "Mugged", to the racialist networks that populate the web, the propaganda narrative keeps rolling merrily along, a gift that keeps on giving. No doubt, it will make a more intense appearance on cue, as elections roll around. Krugman says:

"Yet racial hatred is still a potent force in our society, as we’ve just been reminded to our horror. And I’m sorry to say this, but the racial divide is still a defining feature of our political economy, the reason America is unique among advanced nations in its harsh treatment of the less fortunate and its willingness to tolerate unnecessary suffering among its citizens. Of course, saying this brings angry denials from many conservatives, so let me try to be cool and careful here, and cite some of the overwhelming evidence for the continuing centrality of race in our national politics."
On would think that Krugman needn't have bothered. Race is so obviously a central factor it should go without saying, but it is amusing to see assorted right wingers deny the importance of race, even as they pump up racial memes and distortions to mobilize the base, or burnish assorted narratives. I mean if race is unimportant, how come they seldom mention the extensive feeding of white people from the welfare troughs, or public tax rolls?

It's like the sneering tone people like convicted felon Dinesh Dsouza (1996) and Ann Coulter (2012) take in pointing to levels of black employment in government (a "massive" 12% State and local- 20% federal -from an ethnic group almost 14% of the population-). But they conveniently forget to mention that white people such as the white Irish were posting much HIGHER levels of government employment in the US.- Quote:  "As a consequence, the public sector employed a full one-third of first, second and third-generation Irish Americans in 1930 compared with just 6 percent in 1900." (Bayor and Meagher 1996, The New York Irish, 96-97). Note: that's ONE-THIRD of all Irish, but notice how the right wing race narrative only bashes blacks for such "massive" over-representation. White people are portrayed as these virtuous, self-reliant souls - no public tax dollars for us.. . Right... Can you smell the hypocrisy? I knew you could.

 Back on the welfare track, the record shows that white "role models" have been doing quite well on the welfare rolls. In fact the percentage of white recipients collecting welfare is almost the same as the percentage of blacks collecting. In 2010 they two groups stood virtually equal, as shown herein. So what you ask? Here's what: How come white people, who are much wealthier and better situated than blacks, keep collecting so much welfare? Could it be that white people have rigged the welfare game, just as they have rigged things elsewhere for their primary benefit? Not that this is surprising - it would be old news to blacks or white anti-racists - but what's with all this denialism from self-styled "racial realists" that this is the case? They have to deny of course, or numerous cherished race narratives would fall apart. Are white people in fact being "impoverished" by blacks, swarming all over dey jobs for example, or because "hard working Americans" (now what color are the accredited "hard workers" - lol -take a guess pilgrim) are being beat up by AFDC and TANF welfare expenditures?


White wealth much higher and growing.
Let's take a look at wealth statistics - if anything the black-white gap has INCREASED in recent years, contradicting assorted racialist narratives of blacks "running wild" and prospering on white pain due to "affirmative action quotas" that "oppress" white people. Says one respected source:



"The wealth of white households was 13 times the median wealth of black households in 2013, compared with eight times the wealth in 2010, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances. Likewise, the wealth of white households is now more than 10 times the wealth of Hispanic households, compared with nine times the wealth in 2010. The current gap between blacks and whites has reached its highest point since 1989, when whites had 17 times the wealth of black households."

--Kochhar and Fry. 2014. Wealth inequality has widened along racial, ethnic lines since end of Great Recession. PEW Research Center


White income higher and growing.
Now lets look at white income. Again credible data shows black income gains relative to whites have been stagnant or minor. Indeed the bottom 20% of blacks are now WORSE OFF in terms of income compared to whites. Where are these hordes of blacks displacing and hurting white America due to "quotas?" Shucks, must we have data again? Indeed, pilgrim, like so:


 "The median household income for whites was $67,175 in 2011, as reported in the Census Bureau’s March 2012 Current Population Survey. For blacks, it was $39,760; for Asians, $68,521; and Hispanics $40,007... Since the 1960s the difference in black and white incomes grew from about $19,000 in 1967 to roughly $27,000 in 2011.. The median black household income in 2011 was 59% of median white household income. This represents a modest increase from 1967, when median black income was 55% of white income. Since then, black income has ranged from 54% of white incomes to 65% (in 2000, during a period of economic growth and low unemployment). The racial income gap has increased somewhat since 2007,”

-- Chapter 3  Demographic & Economic Data, by Race- Pew Research Center 2013.




In some locales where whites are the primary  beneficiaries, welfare payments are more generous.
Data again. It seems that in some locales, both historically, and currently, where white people are a larger proportion of welfare recipients, whites receive more generous welfare payments, compared to those locales where blacks are a majority. Every jurisdiction? No, but data going back to the 1930s shows a persistent trend in some places. Quote:


"Hostility to blacks is obviously more serious than hostility to Hispanics, and extends to the under-provision of such public goods as sewers and police in counties with high average incomes in the black population.. the percentage of blacks who are poor is positively associated with the number of welfare recipients and negatively associated with the average payment (indicating lower per recipient payments to blacks than to other groups."

--Roger D. Masters Why Welfare States Rise- and Fall.. in K. Salter (ed) Welfare, Ethnicity and Altruism: 2013. 273-275


and

"The percentage of African-American population had a negative effect on the average monthly grant. Therefore those states with higher African-American populations, especially the South, had lower monthly grant amounts.. Grant amounts for African- Americans in the South were significantly lower that those for whites, ranging from 7.3 percent less in Washington. D.C. to 37.6 percent less in South Carolina."
--Deborah Ward. 2009. The White Welfare State, p 77. 121


And here's another study of how whites, who are much wealthier than blacks, get more generous treatment at the welfare rolls (Durr and Hill 2006):

"To determine if the negative association between single-mother families and AFDC generosity is dependent on race, I incorporate the percentage of the population that is black into the model.. Doing so significantly improves our models in 1980 and 1990, as states with relatively large black populations have less generous AFDC payments... states with a larger percentage of black single-mother families have less generous welfare spending, while states with a larger proportion of white single-mother families offer more generous welfare spending.. These findings suggest that black and white families are granted uneven support by AFDC, or more specifically that the racial component of single parents in a state influences that state's generosity."-Marlese Durr and Shirley Hill (2006) Race, Work, and Family in the Lives of African Americans. 125-129





What about the "hidden welfare state" - who's getting paid?
The "hidden welfare state" is the complex of subsidies and transfers outside of the infamous AFDC "welfare" program- including Social Security, mortgage interest deductions, workers' compensation, and the Americans with Disabilities Act). etc. As Thomas Sowell said way back in his 1975's Race and Economics book - the system is rigged to show massive institutional favoritism to the haves- meaning for all intents and purposes, whites. Sowell went on to finger corporate welfare, noting that the corporate bosses did not have to put up with such intrusive monitoring as social workers barging in to check on "extra people in the house." Christopher Howard's 2007 book- The Welfare State Nobody Knows: Debunking Myths about U.S. Social Policy, lays out this "hidden welfare state" quite well.

According to Howard: the hidden welfare state provides goods and services directly comparable to those provided in the visible welfare state of direct spending. Similar to public assistance and social insurance programs of the visible welfare state, there are tax expenditures for corporations, military contractors, Wall Street, income security, health, employment and training, housing, education, and social services. The United States government spends as much, or more, on social services and on employment training through the tax code as it does through direct spending.  But these programs which primarily benefit white Americans, including fire-breathing right wingers, do not receive the same critical scrutiny programs benefiting poorer Americans do, and that would include many blacks. Seeing a picture here? If its the poor getting a piece of the action, high dudgeon and harsh scrutiny is the order of the day. But when its the more privileged "haves" getting paid, the picture is a lot softer. Now add the racial angle on top of that.




Black family patterns- historically on par with other Americans not "pathogical." For 50 years black marriage rates were actually higher than that of whites in the US, for example. The transition of the black population to urbanization in the 1950 strained and damaged many relatively stable patterns, just as urbanization of a rural white proletariat (the Irish, the English during the Industrial Revolution, etc etc) caused negative fallout.

Scholar Thomas Sowell has long noted this, but below is the data from a scholar he cites- QUOTE:

"The data show, contrary to widely held beliefs, that through 1960, rates of marriage for both black and white women were lowest at the end of the 1800s and peaked in 1950 for blacks and 1960 for whites. Furthermore it is dra-matically clear that black females married at higher rates than white females of native parentage until 1950.

Moreover, national data covering decennial years from 1890 to 1920 show that blacks out-married whites despite a consistent shortage of black males due to their higher rates of mortality. And in three of the four decennial years there was a higher proportion of currently married black men than white men (Table I). Even in those years, the rate of female-headed families was higher among blacks than among whites, but the cause was high rates of widowhood, not lower rates of marriage.

Furthermore, the decennial series on female-headed families covering the years 1930 to 1980 (presented in Table 2) show that the rate of female-headed families among blacks in 1980 was the highest in the series. Interestingly, the data show that rates of black female-headed families declined to their lowest level in 1950, only to rise sharply thereafter.

Interpreting the data

These facts stand in stark contrast to the characterization in the Moynihan Report of the black family as maintaining family-formation patterns that emanate directly from slavery and are fundamentally different from those of whites. To be sure, the Report turned out to be an accurate piece of social forecasting in that it predicted rapidly increasing rates of female-headed families among blacks. It left a lot to be desired, however, in its interpretation of the historical context.

What the Moynihan Report did not show in highlighting the increase in the number of black female-headed families between 1950 and 1960 was that the proportion of black women who were ever married in 1960 stood at its second highest level since 1890, and it was considerably higher in 1960 than it had been in 1940 (Figure 1). The proportion of black female-headed families was also lower in 1960 than in 1940, and the proportion of urban black female-headed families in 1960 was lower than it had been in both 1930 and 1940.

Although the increase in the proportion of black female-headed families between 1950 and 1960 contrasts with the decline in the proportion of white female-headed families between 1950 and 1960, after 1960 there was a rise in female-headed white families (see Table 2). Moreover, as Andrew Cherlin has pointed out, it is hazardous to draw inferences from the conditions of American families in the 1950s, because the 1950s were probably the most unusual decade for family life in this century.6

In sum, the argument that current levels of female-headed families among blacks are due directly to the cultural legacy of slavery and that black family-formation patterns are fundamentally different from those of whites are not supported by the data.

It is clear from the data that 1950 is a watershed year for black families; thereafter black female-headed families grow rapidly and blacks become more urbanized than whites. Between 1930 and 1950 the rates of black female-headed families, in the United States as a whole and in urban areas, are parallel to the corresponding rates for whites. The black rates are higher than the rates for whites, as one would expect given the black socioeconomic differential and higher rates of widowhood among blacks. It is after 1950 that the rate of female-headed families for blacks diverges significantly from the rate for whites, although the rate of white female-headed families begins to converge with the rate for blacks in about 1970.

What is strikingly different in 1950 is that blacks overtake whites in their level of urbanization. After 1950, blacks become more urbanized than whites, and they continue to urbanize. Whites de-urbanized after 1970. Blacks moved to the cities after World War 11, en masse. And it is after this move that severe family-formation problems began to emerge. The data suggest that the clues to recent family-formation problems among blacks are to be found in the circumstances of black urbanization after 1950.

The post-World War I1 mass migration of blacks to inner-city areas, particularly in the North, presaged their family-formation problems because it both facilitated the civil rights mobilization and made the inner-city residents vul-nerable to postindustrial changes in the economy that trans-formed the opportunity structure of the inner city. {endquote]


Erol Ricketts, "The Origin of Black Female-Headed Families," Focus Spring/Summer 1989, 32-37



Food stamp "freeloaders" and white hypocrisy
The hypocrisy of some whites is evident in the phenomenon of whites who themselves have received welfare and food stamps complaining about "undeserving" blacks. Scholars Michele Fine and Lois Weis found that: "although many, if not most of the white men interviewed have themselves been out of work and have received government benefits and at times welfare benefits (including food stamps), they see themselves as deserving of such benefits, in contrast to blacks whom they see as freeloaders."
(--Michele Fine and Lois Weis 1998. The Unknown City: Lives of Poor and Working-Class Young Adults, p21)

It should also be noted that both Hispanics AND Blacks receive LESS food stamps than whites. Per the USDA,-quote: "According to demographic data, 43% of SNAP participants are white, 33% are African-American, 19% are Hispanic, 2% are Asian, and 2% are Native American." ( USDA/Food and Nutrition Service. (2011). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) ) Blacks and Hispanics are poorer and qualify more for assistance, but whites, who are vastly wealthier and earn much more income than either group, snap up most of the food stamps. Yet the pernicious propaganda narrative's steady stream is about "undeserving minorities". Can you say hypocrisy? I knew you could.


Bottom line 
So the question remains. How come white people keep collecting so much welfare, yet they have so much more wealth and income than blacks? And on top of that, how come they receive more generosity when there are poorer black folk on the ground? What does this tell us about the "race" narratives being spun in assorted racialist quarters, and indeed in some liberal quarters? What does this tell us about the game?

The diagram below, captures the data in one place:







Joint products of "racial evolution"...


LINKS TO OTHER POSTS:

https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2022/06/critical-race-theory-debunked-part-2.html

Critical Race Theory debunked- Part 1- the classes of doom
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2022/05/critical-race-theory-debunked-white.html

The Teflon Don- Covid-era approval rating may signal November success 
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-teflon-don-covid-era-approval.html

https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2020/04/would-biden-win-be-any-big-loss-for.htm

Tchalla's "Wakanda First" philosophy looks a bit like Donald Trump's "America First" approach
https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2019/01/tchallas-wakanda-first-philosophy-looks.html

https://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2019/01/blog-post.html

'AsiaRate' Lawsuit against Harvard shows dirty little secret- white quotas used at elite universities
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2018/06/asiarate-lawsuit-against-harvard-shows.html

Some gays find welcome home in the 'alt-right' as nationalist organizations step up recruitment
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2018/05/some-gays-find-welcome-home-in-alt.html

Racial discrimination is alive and kicking in employment, housing and credit markets
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/racial-discrimination-is-alive-and.html

Sowell 3- new data shows backward tropical evolution? Wealth and Poverty- An International Perspective in Trump era
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-3-new-data-shows-backward.html

Sowell 2- Wealth, Poverty and Politics- International Perspective - Trump era to bring these issues into sharper focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-2-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html

Sowell- Liberal intellectuals and hard questions about race differences- Trump era may force them to focus?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2017/07/sowell-liberal-intellectuals-and-hard.html

Trump properties discriminated against black tenants lawsuit finds
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/07/trump-properties-discriminated-against.html

Stealing credibility- Dinesh D'souza has prison epiphany- after hanging with the homies- Hallelujah Hilary!
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/straining-credibility-dinesh-dsouza-has.html

Shame on you, and your guilt too- A review of Shelby Steele's 'Shame'
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-review-wealth-poverty-and-politics.html



How Obama plays on white guilt- Hilary capitalizes
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/08/how-obama-plays-upon-white-guilt-hilary.html

Hands off the Confederate flag
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/hands-off-confederate-flag.html


Despite much more wealth than blacks, whites collect about the same rate of welfare and are treated more generously
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/06/despite-much-more-wealth-than-blacks.html

African "boat people" ushering in European demographic decline
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/05/african-boat-people-ushering-in.html


The forgotten Holocaust- King Leopold's "Congo Free State" - 10 million victims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-forgotten-holocaust-10-million-in.html

Are violent minorities taking over California and the West?
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/04/are-violent-minorities-taking-over.html

Presidential hopeful Ben Carson meets and Greeks
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/presidential-hopeful-ben-carson-meet.html

Contra "ISIS" partisans, there have been some beneficial effects of Christianity
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/03/contra-isis-partisans-there-are-some.html

The social construction of race, compared to biology- Graves
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-social-construction-of-race_8.html

 Why HBD or hereditarianism lacks credibility
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/10/why-hbd-or-hereditarianism-lacks.html

Leading Scientists criticize hereditarian claims
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/leading-scientists-criticize.html

Thai me down - Thais fall behind genetically related southern Chinese, Tibetans below genetically related East Asians like Koreans and other Chinese
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/thai-me-up-thai-me-down.html

Time for liberals to respect "the south" ... in a way of speaking.. the south of Egypt that is..
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/08/time-for-liberals-to-respect-south-in.html

Irony 2: touted High IQ "G-men" cannot reproduce themselves 
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/irony-2-higher-iqs-correlated-with_25.html


Unz and Sowell: Unz debunking Lynn's IQ and Wealth of Nations. Sowell debunking the Bell Curve
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/07/unz-and-sowell-unz-debunking-lynns-iq.html

Irony 1: touted High IQ types are more homosexual, more atheist, and more liberal (HAL)
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/irony-high-iqs-produce-more-atheists.html


Elite white universities discriminate against Asians using reverse "affirmative action"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/06/elite-white-universities-discriminate.html

Deteriorating state of white America
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/deteriorating-state-of-white-america.html


Racial Cartels (The Affirmative Action Propaganda machine- part 2
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-affirmative-action-propaganda.html

Hereditarian's/HBD's "Great Black Hope"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post.html


Exploding nonsense: the 10,000 Year Explosion
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/03/exploding-nonsense-review-of-cochran_8.html


We need "rational racism"? Proponent Dinesh D;Souza becomes his own test case
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/we-need-rational-racism-proponent.html

The Affirmative Action Propaganda Machine- part 1
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-affirmatve-action-propaganda.html

Two rules for being "really" black- no white wimmen, no Republican
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/to-be-really-black-you-cant-have-white.html

The Axial age reconsidered - or latitude not attitide
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-axial-age-reconsidered.html

Cannibal seasonings: dark meat on white
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/12/i.html

"Affirmative Action" in the form of court remedies has been around a long time- since the 1930s- benefiting white union workers against discrimination by employers
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/09/affirmative-action-as-term-appears-in.html

Mugged by reality 1: White quotas, special preferences and government jobs
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/mugged-by-reality-1-white-quotas.html


Lightweight enforcement of EEO laws contradicts claims of "flood" of minorities "taking jobs"
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html

Railroaded 3: white violence and intimidation imposed quotas
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-3-white-violence-and.html

Railroaded 2: how white quotas and special preferences blockade black progress...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-2-thow-white-quotas-and.html

Railroaded 1: How white affirmative action and white special preferences destroyed black railroad employment...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/06/railroaded-how-white-affirmative-action.html

Affirmative action: primary beneficiaries are white women...
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-regime-kill-hopes-in-libya.html

7 reasons certain libertarians and right-wingers are wrong about the Civil Right Act
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2012/05/7-reasons-libertarians-may-be-wrong.html

Social philosophy of Thomas Sowell
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2011/07/social-philosophy-of-thomas-sowell.html



Bogus "biodiversity" theories of Kanazawa, Ruston, Lynn debunked
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html

JP Rushton, Michael Levin, Richard Lynn debunked. Weaknesses of Jared Diamond's approach. 
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_1818.html

In the Blood- debunking "HBD" and Neo-Nazi appropriation of ancient Egypt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html

early Europeans and middle Easterners looked like Africans. Peoples returning or "backflowing" to Africa would already be looking like Africans
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html

 Ancient Egypt: one of the world's most advanced civilizations- created by tropical peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html

Playing the "Greek defence" -debunking claims of Greeks as paragons of virtue or exemplars of goodness
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/03/playing-greek-defence-review-of-thornton.html

Quotations from mainstream academic research on the Nile Valley peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html

Assorted data debunking
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html


http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/15/basic-database-nile-valley-studies





Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... - Jelte Wicherts 2010
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
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Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010
Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
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Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by JM Wicherts - ?2004
 --Dolan, Wicherts et al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004) 509-537
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf
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LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED
---------------- -------

www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf

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Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman

http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
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Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also inside the book

http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
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http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm
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Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/
---------------- -------

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html

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--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf


--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf
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HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS
Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.
http://img560.imageshack.us/img560/239/templeton1humanracesinf.jpg
http://img685.imageshack.us/img685/2731/templeton2humanracesinf.jpg

HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED
 J. FiSh (2002) Race and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.

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MORE HBD DEBUNKING
-------------------------------- ---------------------

Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
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Krimsky, S, Sloan.K (2011) Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture
-------------------------------


Wicherts and Johnson, 2009. Group differences in the heritability of items and test scores
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/04/24/rspb.2009.0238.full



--Joseph Graves, 2006. What We Know and What We Don’t Know: Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/

J. Kahn (2013) How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" - Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, v4:1
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=yjhple

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http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PageProofs-Graves_race.pdf
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