Flag bait...
Recent "controversies" re the Confederate Flag have spawned the usual rhetoric re "lost causes", "state's rights" and "northern terrorism" in the defeat of the South. Oh and did we mention that slavery wasn't the "real" cause? But as can be seen, the Mississippi Declaration of Secession says:
"Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin."
--Mississippi Declaration: A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union.
Gosh durn it. But that was Mississippi. Surely now slavery would not be the cause in more civilized Virginia. Here is the more measured Virginia Declaration. It would not mention slaveholding or slavery would it?
“The people of Virginia, in their ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, adopted by them in Convention, on the 25th day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eight-eight, having declared that the powers granted them under the said Constitution were derived from the people of the United States, and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression, and the Federal Government having perverted said powers, not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slaveholding States." -- From the Virginia Ordinance of Secession:
Well now what can you expect from effete Virginians? We have South Carolina- but there again, the good folk are complaining about fugitive slaves not being returned and their property rights in slaves not being respected. Well what can you expect, when they gets no respect?
"The General Government, as the common agent, passed laws [return of escaped slaves] to carry into effect these stipulations of the States. For many years these laws were executed. But an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has led to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the General Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution. The States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, have enacted laws which either nullify the Acts of Congress or render useless any attempt to execute them. In many of these States the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed, and in none of them has the State Government complied with the stipulation made in the Constitution. The State of New Jersey, at an early day, passed a law in conformity with her constitutional obligation; but the current of anti-slavery feeling has led her more recently to enact laws which render inoperative the remedies provided by her own law and by the laws of Congress. In the State of New York even the right of transit for a slave has been denied by her tribunals; and the States of Ohio and Iowa have refused to surrender to justice fugitives charged with murder, and with inciting servile insurrection in the State of Virginia. Thus the constituted compact has been deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States, and the consequence follows that South Carolina is released from her obligation...
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery.." --From: South Carolina Declaration of Secession
But hey, what what about the robust state of Texas? Surely the free, independent minded folk there would not use slavery as a justification for secession? Let's see:
“Texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the Confederated Union to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. She was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. She was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery– the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits– a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time…
“We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable… ”
--FROM: Texas Declaration of Secession
Pro-secession southern regimes had their own form of early "political correctness" that
muzzled skeptical or dissenting white southerners who opposed the Confederate war.
"So frightening was the surveillance that men claimed they were afraid not to vote: the “feeling ran so high,” one Beaufort farmer remembered, that he “could not abstain from voting.” Because there was no Â.Union ticket, he put a blank vote in the box. Lawrence McKenzie left his neighborhood on election day “to keep from voting,” he said, “and from being annoyed by those who would vote for it and would be after [me] to do the same.” “Well, Lawrence,” his neighbors said when he returned, “we have today voted South Carolina out of the Union and you did not help us.”
In October and December 1860, South Carolina voters went to the polls in a climate of political terror, surrounded by armed companies of men and hordes of citizens all wearing the blue cockade. The harmony of€the body politic about which fire-eaters boasted was the product, in part, of that black shirt campaign. But it was as much administrative coup as open-fisted brawl. It was quite true, as more than one farmer would later charge, that voters simply “could not vote for the union” in South Carolina, that there was “no opposition ticket in this section.”
--Stephanie McCurry, 2010. Confederate Reckoning. p49
Gosh durn it, but hey, wasn't that just the "elites" at the top who wanted slavery? I mean your average southern white guy or white family didn't own slaves and were not too crazy about supporting it, right? Yeah it was the e-lites.. This is an intriguing (and common apologist argument), but it is not true. Fully one-third of white families in the Confederate States, in 1860 owned slaves, not just the rich, mint-julep sipping upper-crust plantation elites. As historian Peter Parish notes: (Peter J. Parish - 2018. Slavery: History And Historians)-quote:
"However, Otto Olsen has argued powerfully that the figures should be seen in a very different light. If attention is confined to the states that eventually became part of the Confederacy, 31 percent of white families owned slaves in 1860. In South Carolina and Mississippi, almost half the white families owned slaves; in four more states of the Deep South, one-third or more of the white families owned slaves. These figures, says Olsen, represent "an amazingly large, rather than a small, base of support for any economic order." The fairest kind of comparison, he argues, is with other forms of property ownership in other periods.
For example, in 1949, only 2 percent of American families held stock worth $5,000 or more—roughly equivalent in today's terms to the worth of one slave. No doubt by the 1980s the percentage will have increased considerably, but not to a point where it would come anywhere close to the figures for slave Ownership in the Old South. ’’Slavery," says Olsen, "appears a good bit less oligarchical in several significant economic respects than twentieth century free labour capitalism. The ownership of slaves was spread among a remarkably broad proportion of the white population, and the extent of this investment was central to Southern white unity before, during and after the Civil War."4 .. This picture of slavery is largely borne out by James Oakes in his study of Southern slaveholders, The Ruling Race..."
--(Peter J. Parish - 2018. Slavery: History And Historians).
Ahah you say. But what about the other white 70% who did not own slaves? Surely they weren't enthusiastic, since they had no stake? Well turns out that they were enthusiastic about the slave system that brought them so many benefits, and determined to fight for the Confederacy to maintain their privileged position. Slavery was the central engine that made white people prosperous, and it had numerous beneficial economic spillover effects -from transportation to manufacturing, to the "psychic capital" of white supremacy. Bah you say- this is only the blather of "politically correct liberals" who could never know how the people back then thought. Well, no actually. In fact, PRIMARY sources, hundreds of letters and accounts from om ordinary Confederate soldiers and civilians show that even despite war weariness or defeats, they were determined to fight for their privileged positions vis a vis the blacks. These PRIMARY documents speak more eloquently than any modern blather and are not the creation of "the liberals." They are direct from the mouths and hands of white people who were there at the time, as the detailed history of Chandra Manning in her book "What This Cruel War Was Over" demonstrates. Disagree with the historian if you will, but the primary documents speak for themselves.
As for facts and figures, Professor David Blight of Yale University put things in additional perspective:
"By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society--slave population--in the world. The only one larger was Russian serfdom. Brazil was close. But in 1860 American slaves, as a financial asset, were worth approximately three and a half billion dollars--that's just as property. Three and a half billion dollars was the net worth, roughly, of slaves in 1860. In today's dollars that would be approximately seventy-five billion dollars. In 1860 slaves as an asset were worth more than all of America's manufacturing, all of the railroads, all of the productive capacity of the United States put together. Slaves were the single largest, by far, financial asset of property in the entire American economy. The only thing worth more than the slaves in the American economy of the 1850s was the land itself, and no one can really put a dollar value on all of the land of North America."
--Professor David Bight, Yale University, 2010.
Blight is correct, but slightly off on one point. The serfs of Russia, while treated badly and bound to their local regions were not slaves that were bought and sold at a whim, nor wrenched from their home soil and transported in hell ships with loss rates sometimes approaching 20%, including women and children. To the contrary they were on their own much loved, ancestral home soil. And they were given land of their own to work after doing labor service for the landlord. One historical document describes the labor obligation, the "barashchina" as a barshchina of three days a week as normal and sufficient for the landowner's needs. In the black earth region, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed barshchina; the rest paid levies.. (Richard Pipes, 1974 Russia under the old regime, pages 147–8). And while restricted by age and location, marriage was a relatively free choice. Your wife and children were not sold off at a moment's notice. There were very clear differences, for Afro-Americans, the largest slave population in the world.
Slavery was good for black people though
As for General Robert E. Lee of the very same Virginia above, he thought slavery was bad, but a NECESSARY evil, good for black people. Let’s quote him, and yes in some ways, he is not all that different from Lincoln in his attitudes re those darker brethren. Lincoln himself held racist attitudes,and wanted to initially solve the problem by shipping all blacks away. As is well known, his Emancipation Proclamation did not free single slave. So let's not beat up on General Lee as if he were some sort of anomaly. No, he was a man of his time and place. And let's not deny the courage of individual Confederate soldiers or units in fighting ferociously to preserve their "peculiar institution" of oppression. But also keep in mind the courage of hard-hitting Yankee warriors from Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, New York etc in fighting to end that brutal institution. But here's what Lee says in a letter dated December 27, 1856: in response to a speech given by then President Pierce:
“The blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa, morally, physically, and socially. The painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary for their further instruction as a race, and will prepare them, I hope, for better things. How long their servitude may be necessary is known and ordered by a merciful Providence.”Lee's argument was not uncommon in his era, but some critics might say that in like manner, similar reasoning would hold that the Holocaust was good for Jews because it would prepare them for better things, like getting them out of those awful European ghettos, 6 million bodies later. Still as for Providence, Lee skips the other side of the coin. Divine providence did not APPROVE of slavery. It used man's folly for its own ends but this is NOT approval. Likewise divine providence used the vast domain of the Roman Empire to spread the message of Christianity, but this did not mean any APPROVAL of the predatory Roman beast - far from it. In fact, Rome was the most vicious persecutor of Christians, crucifying not only Jesus, but several of his disciples and killing thousands of others. The uncomfortable thought skipped by Lee is this - perhaps it WAS divine providence that used the events, that finally lowered the boom on the southern slave regime and released millions from permanent bondage. In fact Abolitionists were saying such things a long time- that judgment FROM a divine hand, would come on the South for its refusal to give up slavery. Naturally, you don't hear much about this flip side from the "heritage" folk.
The alleged "massive Sherman Holocaust" killed around a mere 1000 Confederates..
General Sherman a "terrorist?"
OK you get the picture. It really WAS all about slavery as the central issue.. but rather than pile on more examples, let's take a look at that "terrorism" charge. According to proponents, Exhibit A was Sherman's destructive "March To The Sea" which we are told slaughtered tens of thousands and devastated tens of thousands of square miles. It was a brutal foreshadowing of "liberal" power these days, (just check the oppressive holocaust re food stamps! which are used mostly by white people despite their massive advantage in wealth and income over any other group- but I digress) showing that Abe Lincoln was a ruthless totalitarian dictator. In short, Sherman's march was a veritable "Holocaust" for the south brought on by arrogant Yankee bankers and industrialists.
Er, no doubt bankers and industrialists are part of the mix but the numbers just don't square with the myth. For one thing the "brutal Holocaust" killed comparatively few, far less than the bloody battles pursued by Robert E. Lee elsewhere. And of course there are other exaggerations.
As regards alleged "terrorism", the South was already on the ropes by the time Sherman made his long march. It was simply a matter of time before it lost. And the South was soundly defeated using the same methods every other European nation used at the time. Sherman’s March was nothing special. European colonialists frequently used “three all” methods- “burn all, kill all, destroy all” to crush the resistance of native peoples, including Native Americans. When Indians were being liquidated, most whites cheered. Destructive warfare is seen in Napoleon's various conquests in Europe, so also with Britain in its ruthless “scorched earth” campaigns in Ireland, and many others. In WW2 Allied bombers carpet bombed massive destruction and were cheered on by white American southerners, and indeed most Americans. American "clearance" operations in Vietnam scorched the territory of their "allies" with some of the heaviest bombing in warfare, including some 400,000 tons of napalm dropped and some 19.1 million gallons of herbicides applied, to go with the 25 million bomb craters made in a territory the size of New Mexico. (Werner and Huynh 1993)
But respected military historian Victor Davis Hanson, a staunch pro-Westerner besides, has an interesting take on the Holocaust myth. He exposes the exaggerations but also shows that what rankled many southerners is how ordinary northern soldiers, not "rich Yankee bankers" or manufacturers etc were fighting very willingly to stop slavery. And those same ordinary men did not hesitate to lecture white southerners on WHY they were marching. Here is what Hanson has to say about Sherman:
“Yet there was a method to Sherman’s mad five-week march. He burned plantations, freed slaves, destroyed factories, and tore up railroads—but more or less left alone the farms and small towns of ordinary Southerners. His purposes were threefold: to punish the plantation class, the small minority of Confederates who owned slaves, as the culprits for the war; to destroy the Southern economy and remind the general population, as Sherman put it, “that war and individual ruin were now to be synonymous”; and to humiliate the Confederate military, especially what he called the cavalier classes that boasted of their martial audacity but would not dare confront such a huge army of battle-hardened troopers from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and other Midwestern states.
In this context, the message was not lost: Unionists were not just New England Yankee manufacturers, but farmers who did their own hard work in harsh, cold lands more challenging than temperate Georgia; material advantages and repeating rifles were not antithetical to martial audacity, as a Michigan farmer with a Sharps rifle was more than a match for a plumed Southern cavalryman who boasted of killing Yankees.
Sherman was hated not so much because he killed Southerners: in comparison to Grant’s bloodbath in northern Virginia, probably less than 1,000 Confederates were killed during the March to the Sea. Rather, he humiliated the South by having supposedly less-audacious Northerners taunting the South to attack them on their own turf, and exposing the plantation class as hollow, showing them more willing to flee their rich and hitherto untouched plantations than to die while protecting them.”
http://victorhanson.com/wordpress/?p=7734
Confederates themselves used Sherman's "slash and burn" tactics when it suited them- as credible histories note: Confederate commanders complained about the atrocious behavior of Confederate troops. QUOTE:
"Armies burned crops and slaughtered livestock to deny food to their opponents or reduce besieged cities to starvation. Entire districts in the South were laid waste by foraging Union armies, who burned and stripped barns and fences and consumed grain and livestock, but also by Confederate soldiers, who frequently foraged with a voracious intensity that was indistinguishable from that of their enemies.7 In 1864, the Confederate general Richard Taylor was so shocked by the predatory behavior of his troops in Alabama and the lower Mississippi that he compared them to medieval brigands and threatened to have offenders shot as common highwaymen. In 1863 Colonel C. Franklin complained to Jefferson Davis that guerrillas in Missouri had “transferred to the Confederate uniform all the dread and terror which used to attach to the Lincoln blue. The last horse is taken from the widow and orphan, whose husband and father has fallen in the country’s service. No respect is shown to age, sex, or condition.”8 [Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War 1989]"
--Matthew Carr (2015) Sherman's Ghosts_ Soldiers, Civilians, and the American Way of War. p 20-21
Credible histories show that Father of the US- George Washington himself ordered destructive smash and burn methods against native American civilian settlements, earning the title 'Destroyer" from the Iroquois. These harsh methods continued as Native Americans had their land expropriated by whites and their cultures smashed. But southern apologists raised few objection-to this, and indeed cheered on the liquidation of "savages" to make room for white "civilization." Its only when the same methods are reversed back on them that it all suddenly becomes "unfair"or "unjust."
"In 1778 George Washington ordered General John Sullivan to inflict “total destruction and devastation” on Iroquois villages in Cherry Valley, New York, in retaliation for the massacre of U.S. militia in Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Abandoning their baggage trains to increase their mobility, Sullivan’s men burned 1,200 homes in forty villages, till their commander told Congress there was “not a single town left in the country of the five nations.”10 Washington’s support for such tactics earned him the nickname “Town Destroyer” among the Iroquois."
--Matthew Carr (2015) Sherman's Ghosts_ Soldiers, Civilians, and the American Way of War p20-21
General Sherman's weakness?
Spot on. The "flag faithful" like to put forward the notion of sinister "Yankee "bankers and industrialists as the "real" powers bent on destroying the South, but it was not weakling "bankers" marching, but ordinary white northern farmers, tradesmen etc and who as Hanson notes where whipping the Confederates on their own turf and who were "more than a match for a plumed Southern cavalryman who boasted of killing Yankees." Such things tend to get lost in the shallow "flag" debates. And it is amazing how these debates keep going when there are more important issues at hand.
I am no fan of said flag, and it is a graft added later on to some state flags. It is not even the real flag of the Confederacy which actually changed its colors and finally fought under something known as the "Blood Stained Banner" - apt name that. It is also unknown why the flag of a secessionist movement or separatist regime should be on government property. No government agency gave equal time to various black movements that in the 1950s or 1960s sought a separate state for blacks on US territory. To the contrary, the FBI, in collaboration with state and local regimes, rushed out its COINTELPRO program to crush even minor manifestations of such movements.
And the whole flag "controversy" is of very RECENT origin, not sacred icons that go back a century as assorted "heritage" proponents would have us believe. Says one writer:
“..the Confederate battle flag was largely a relic until it was revived in response to the Civil Rights Movement — first with Strom Thurmond’s “States Rights Party” in 1948, then with Georgia adopting a version in protest of Brown v. Board of Education in 1956, and South Carolina six years later — though, tellingly, the flag went up a year before the act authorizing it. For almost a hundred years, the South got on just fine celebrating its heritage without benefit of the flag. Indeed, the flag was raised over South Carolina as a result of the Civil War centennial celebration. This revival of interest in the flag was clearly all about renewed defiance of the federal government, which was finally being prodded into making good on the Civil War Amendments, and ensuring the full citizenship of African-Americans. Hence, today, the “heritage” the flag actually stands for is that of the 1960s, not the 1860s.”
Hmm, seems the "heritage" part of the story is a rather newfangled invention does it not? Still there are much more pressing issues to deal with. Marches and rallies to take down old flags are so much easier than the hard work that needs to be done on those issues, but that's another story. At least, let's clear away the "heritage" propaganda on this one.
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http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_1818.html
In the Blood- debunking "HBD" and Neo-Nazi appropriation of ancient Egypt
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_29.html
early
Europeans and middle Easterners looked like Africans. Peoples returning
or "backflowing" to Africa would already be looking like Africans
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_1754.html
Ancient Egypt: one of the world's most advanced civilizations- created by tropical peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_06.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2013/03/playing-greek-defence-review-of-thornton.html
Quotations from mainstream academic research on the Nile Valley peoples
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_9251.html
Assorted data debunking
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html
http://nilevalleypeoples.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_5570.html
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/15/basic-database-nile-valley-studies
Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples ... -
Jelte Wicherts 2010
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
------------------------------------
Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of
intelligence - WIcherts, Borsboom and Dolan 2010
Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 91-96
http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
----------------------------- -------------
Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? by
JM Wicherts - ?2004
--Dolan, Wicherts et
al 2004. Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004)
509-537
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/wicherts2004.pdf
-------------------------------------------
LYNN AND VANHAVEN'S IQ AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS DEBUNKED
---------------- -------
www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/mcbrearty/Pdf/McB%20&%20Brooks%202000%20TRTW.pdf
------------------------
Race and other misadventures: essays in honor of Ashley
Montagu... By Larry T. Reynolds, Leonard Lieberman
http://books.google.com/books?id=5DLrgG_MflgC&pg=PA190&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=1#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
--------------------------------
Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. By Jefferson
M. Fish. Routledge 2002. See Templeton's detailed article referenced above also
inside the book
http://books.google.com/books?id=t9OdPPLIgMAC&pg=PA64&dq=r-+k-+selection+races&cd=7#v=onepage&q=r-%20k-%20selection%20races&f=false
------------------------
http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/what-they-mean.htm
---------------- -------
Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
For summary see: http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-02-18/
---------------- -------
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/topics/curveball.html
-----------------------------------------------------------
--S OY Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human
variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/pdf/ng1455.pdf
--S.O.Y. Keita and Rick Kittles. (1997) *The Persistence ofRacial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. AJPA, 99:3
http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf
---------------- -------
HBD RACE EVOLUTION CLAIMS DEBUNKED BY GENETICISTS
Alan Templeton. "The Genetic and Evolutionary
significnce oF Human Races." pp 31-56. IN: J. FiSh (2002) Race and
Intelligence: Separating scinnce from myth.
http://img560.imageshack.us/img560/239/templeton1humanracesinf.jpg
http://img685.imageshack.us/img685/2731/templeton2humanracesinf.jpg
HBD RACE AND INTELLIGENCE CLAIMS DEBUNKED
J. FiSh (2002) Race
and Intelligence: Separating science from myth.
------------------------------------------
MORE HBD DEBUNKING
-------------------------------- ---------------------
Oubre, A (2011) Race Genes and Ability: Rethinking Ethnic
Differences, vol 1 and 2. BTI Press
----------------------------------------------
Krimsky, S, Sloan.K (2011) Race and the Genetic Revolution:
Science, Myth, and Culture
-------------------------------
Wicherts and Johnson, 2009. Group differences in the
heritability of items and test scores
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/04/24/rspb.2009.0238.full
--Joseph Graves, 2006. What We Know and What We Don’t Know:
Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race
http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/
J. Kahn (2013) How a Drug Becomes "Ethnic" - Yale
Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, v4:1
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=yjhple
------------------------------------ -----------------
http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/PageProofs-Graves_race.pdf
